The rights of the Jewish people to the Land of Israel by Solomon BenZimra
http://middleeastfacts2015.blogspot.com/2015/05/iv.html
- Hebrew version
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Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
introduction
The rights of the Jewish people to the Land of Israel (ZAI) lead the reader on the journey Encompassing three thousand years: the historical connection of the Jewish people to the Land of Israel,
Israel; The revival of his national aspirations embodied in the Zionist movement
Modern; Recognition of its collective-national rights in international law;
And the malicious violation of these rights during the period of the British Mandate - until The declaration of the establishment of the State of Israel is the state of the Jewish people.
In the concluding chapter, a number of topics are presented by way of distinguishing between aggadah
The fact. These issues continue to pose obstacles and hinder the exit
From the political reality of the Arab-Israeli conflict - on the way to a just peace And sustainable in the region.
This book is structured to provide the reader with a gradual level of detail:
תמצית Summary of historical events and key legal documents
Presented in a few pages chronologically with short explanations.
אחר Then an extension of this summary is given in the in-depth review
Events and documents.
לבסוף Finally, comments and references include more than 100 connectivity
Related Internet sites, from reliable sources.
Zayi is our response to the rooting of concepts in the "peace process" such as "Occupation", "land for peace" and "two states solution" - all suggestive
To purchase dubious (if not illegal) land by the Jewish people,
And thus deny the legitimate rights of the Jewish people to the Land of Israel,
Israel, rights enshrined in international law.
We hope that this document will help those who believe in the superiority of facts As opposed to opinions and legends, and those who confront daily with outbreaks of anti-Zionism - in the academic world, in political circles and in the media.
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Acknowledgements
I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Howard Griff, a lawyer and notary
In Jerusalem, Israel - for his extensive work on the legal rights of
Israel, a work I helped greatly in preparing this book.
Adv. Howard Griff is the author of The Legal Foundation and Borders of Israel under International Law ("The Legal Secret and Its Limits")
Of Israel under international law. "The book was published in 2007
By removing the food, Jerusalem. He also authored several articles
Published on various internet sites in recent years.
Even though many other sources were used in the preparation of the book, as it came to me
Expressions in comments and links to documents accessible on the Internet - the discussion section
Israel's legal rights under international law are largely based
On the outstanding work of attorney Howard Griff, who also agreed with him
Read the manuscript, and spared no effort in providing comments and insights concerning
The matter, and I thank them too.
I would also like to express my sincere appreciation to Sir Martin Gilbert, with him
I managed a useful correspondence, as well as his insights based on his knowledge
Which is exhaustive about Churchill and British politics in the crucial period in the wake World War I.
Last but not least, I admire Dr. Jacques Gautier, a lawyer based in Toronto,
Who spent many years researching the legal rights of the Jewish people
The City of Jerusalem. He presented his findings as a comprehensive document, Sovereignty over the Old City of Jerusalem: A Study of the Historical, Religious, Political and Legal Aspects of the Question of the Old City) "Sovereignty over the Old City of Jerusalem: The Study of the Historical Aspects, Religious, political and legal aspects of the question of the Old City ").
Salomon Ben Zimra
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Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
Table of Contents
The rights of the Jewish people to the Land of Israel
The source of Israel's legal rights, their recognition and their violation
Approvals
Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel (ICALMI) ii
First of all, Goldie Steiner III
Introduction iv
Thank you v. Table of Contents vi
Summary: Historical events, documents and chronological order
Introduction 1
Part 1: Origin of Israel's Legal Rights 3
Part 2: Eretz Israel (Palestine) during the British Mandate period
From 0270 to
Israel: Nothing to the State 1948-1945: 9
Depth review (part 1)
Ancient Israel
0711-277 BC 11
277-373 BC
373 BCE - 21 CE 16
The Historical Context 19
The emergence of modern Zionism
Ottoman Empire
The Balfour Declaration
Wilson 's Four Points
PARIS CONFERENCE FOR PEACE
Basic Alliance of the League of Nations
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San Remo Conference: A landmark
San Remo and International Law
French - British Boundary Treaty
Creation of Transjordan
Transjordan: Legal and Political Questions
Mandate for the Land of Israel:
Principles
AREA AND LOCALITIES
The First "Partition"
Legal validity
Summary
The Anglo-American Convention 65
Depth review (part 2)
Palestine during the British Mandate
Heikert Committee
Churchill White Paper 69
The Shaw Commission and the Hope-Simpson Report
The White Paper of Passfield
Peel Commission - Woodhead Committee 76
McDonald 's White Paper 80
Jewish immigration
UN Partition Resolution: Resolution No. 85 080
Summary
Tongue and Legend
Some thoughts on peace 91
Notes 95
Summary of historical events, documents
And the order of times
מבוא Introduction
חלק Part 1: The source of Israel's legal rights
חלק Part 2: Eretz Israel (Palestine) during the British Mandate period
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introduction
There is no political issue in recent generations that distorted the facts as they were distorted
Facts related to the Arab-Israeli conflict. Opinions, imagination and propaganda
Succeeded in obscuring the facts about what is now called the conflict
"The Israeli-Palestinian conflict."
This book focuses on the legal rights of the Jewish people to the Land of Israel:
their historical roots;
Recognition of key documents of modern international law;
The scope and scope of their provisions;
Violations of Jewish rights in Palestine during the Mandate period;
The arguments surrounding the rights of the State of Israel in recent decades; also
The impact these rights should have in any negotiations for achievement
A just and lasting peace in the region.
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Over the past few decades, there has been little talk about the legal rights of the
The State of Israel, and sometimes even ignored them completely. When they started the process
Oslo for Peace in 0229 - which Israel sincerely hoped would succeed - a matter
Israel's legal rights are even more forgotten.
In response to Israel's many concessions in the search for peace, Arabs responded
The Land of Israel repeatedly demands growing. They also spun mesh
Composed of legends, which, unexpectedly and inexplicably,
To embrace large sectors of the media, academia, associations and halls
Western government. Each culture has its own infrastructure of legends and symbols,
And the fantasies that were fabricated by the Arabs of the Land of Israel were directed at two goals
Only: delegitimization of the Jewish presence in the Land of Israel and demonization
Of the nation-state of the Jewish people.
After more than 40 years of Arab-Palestinian propaganda, its image has been damaged
Of the State of Israel on the world stage. You can not ignore the power of
Imaginations. However, it seems that imaginations and legends stand so clearly
In the face of irrefutable facts, they can not hold out
Over time.
In 1771, the High Commissioner for Palestine summarized in one paragraph the intensity
The legal rights of the Jewish people to the Land of Israel. He stated:
"The Balfour Declaration was supported when it was published by several governments
The allies. It was reaffirmed by the Allied Conference
The main ones at San Remo in 0171. Then it was supported by
Various resolutions adopted by both houses of Congress of the United States
Was anchored in the Mandate for Palestine approved by the League of Nations
In 0277; That same year was set by the Colonial Secretary
In a formal policy statement that is "not subject to change" ... the policy
Was determined and approved by international approval. "
Israel's legal rights - presented below in a concise manner -
Constitute the most faithful factual evidence that is intended to refute the imaginations that they intend
To undermine the legitimacy of the Jewish state.
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Israel's most fundamental right is ancient history
Since the first settlement of the country by twelve tribes
Israel, around 0700 BCE, and until the destruction of the second temple in the year
20 CE At the end of this continuous period of Jewish national presence in the Land of Israel,
Israel - including long periods of Jewish sovereignty - came more
From two thousand years of dispersion to the movement's appearance
Political process of modern Jewish nationalism, is the Zionist movement.
Zionism was born in practice when Binyamin Ze'ev Herzl published the Der Judenstaat "The State of the Jews" following his presence in the showcase trial Captain Alfred Dreyfus in Paris. Herzl understood that the "liberation" of the Jews In Europe that was promised within the framework of the liberal concepts of the revolution
French - did not erase the deep-seated anti-Semitism in society
The European.
At the First Zionist Congress - held in Basel, Switzerland, at 72
August 2222 - Herzl, in his capacity as president, formulated his own
A plan that would lead to the reestablishment of a Jewish state in Palestine. Area
What was known at that time as "Palestine" was part of the empire
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Which clarifies why Herzl refrained from explicitly mentioning "a state
Jewish. "At the beginning of World War I in 0201 - which she hired
An alliance with the German Empire - was limited to its territories in the Middle East, Including the Land of Israel.
During the First World War, extensive diplomatic activity took place
Between the British, the French, the Russians, the Arabs from the region on the Arabian Peninsula
Called Hijaz and the Jews. Numerous agreements were signed between the parties - secret
More and less confidential. The Balfour Declaration explicitly stated the intent of the Britain to establish a "national home for the Jewish people in the Land of Israel". This statement
Was referred to the World Zionist Organization through Lord Lionel Rothschild.
Ten months before the end of World War I, the President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, the most important speech in Congress, a speech known as Fourteen points. In his speech, the president spoke of the creation of "an association
General of nationalities, "and he expressed his opposition to clandestine art, and stressed
The importance of the right of self-determination of peoples. Though many
President Wilson's ideas were not included in the Treaty of Versailles - which the United States has never done
Did not ratify - he succeeded precisely in the establishment of the League of Nations, to adopt the adoption of the Charter - the Alliance - the friend
And the removal of secret art outlawed.
At the Peace Conference that convened in Paris in 2020, the first topic on
The agenda for the conference was the establishment of the League of Nations. In the Basic Book,
According to which the new international institution was supposed to take place in the new section 77
The concept of mandates: peoples who were liberated during the recent conflict
The big powers must not turn them into colonies, but must
To help them reach full sovereignty through a limited period of trust
- during which control of the area would be vested in a mandatory power
Economically advanced. While the art that determined their future status
Of the European countries were signed near Paris, the division of the territories previously held,
Therefore, the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East was set at a conference
Peace in San Remo.
On April 17, 2010, the "San Remo Resolution" was adopted, according to which it was given Britain has two mandates, the Mandate for Palestine and the mandate of Mesopotamia (Today, Iraq), and France was given the mandate over Syria (which was later divided Syria and Lebanon.) This resolution included the wording of the Balfour Declaration,
And gave Britain the legal responsibility for its implementation. Decision adopted
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By the Supreme Council of the Major Allied Powers (Britain, France,
Italy and Japan), which had legal authority and for the first time in history
The Land of Israel - "Palestine" - became a legal entity subject to the law
When it was to become the "national home of the Jewish people".
Although the borders of Jewish Palestine were not clearly defined in San Remo, it was Of course, the area will contain both banks of the Jordan River and will extend north-south "From Dan to Beersheva," according to the precedent of the historical kingdom of Israel - Biblical.
The borders of Palestine were set forth in the late French-British borders treaty More in 0270. San Remo's provisions regarding Palestine were included in the charter
Severes in August. This treaty, signed by the Turkish Sultan, no
Was ratified by the new Turkish government of Kemal Ataturk
Which signed in 1979 the Treaty of Lausanne, which did not include these provisions,
Since they did not touch Turkey's final status, whereas the Mandate for Eretz- Israel has already been officially approved.
During the two years between the discussions at the San Remo Peace Conference and the final approval Of the Mandate for Palestine in July 0277, the Histadrut replaced them
The Zionist Organization and the British Government issued a number of drafts of the Mandate. However, up to
That the final Mandate was submitted to the Council of the League of Nations and received its approval, Jewish Palestine was reduced to the western bank of the Jordan River.
The Mandate for Palestine was finally approved by fifty-two Member States of the League of Nations.
As of 0277, various events have contributed to the blurring or thinning of
The territorial rights of the Jewish people in Palestine. The British reported
The Golan Heights to Syria, which is under a French mandate. A special body was appointed To delineate borders, so that it will determine the final borders of the Land of Israel
These final borders did not really coincide with the decisions that were made
In the French-British borders treaty - to the detriment of the Jewish Land of Israel.
Last but not least, the British cut off the part of Palestine on its eastern side
Of the Jordan River, and suspended the implementation of the Jewish right to settle
Organized there, a right guaranteed in Article 6 of the Mandate for Palestine,
Israel. Britain transferred Prince Abdullah from the Hijaz
The administration of Eastern Palestine, and thus initiated the transformation of this area,
A separate entity called Transjordan, which gained independence
In 0216, and was renamed the "Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan" at a later date
More.
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The British decision to sever Transjordan from the rest of the Land of Israel stemmed
Partly because of the British desire to please the Arab leaders. after
That the French expelled King Faisal of Damascus in 0270, Feisal's brother,
Abdullah, recruited a small force in the Hijaz to fight the French in Syria.
But the British stopped him halfway, allowed him to remain in Amman,
And transferred Faisal to Baghdad, where he was appointed king of Iraq. in September
0277 began to manage Transjordan and the rest of the Land of Israel separately from each other.
Although the United States was not a member of the League of Nations, but its government sought
To protect the rights of US citizens and commercial interests
In the area. To this end, the United States and the United Kingdom signed a treaty in 1971 - the Convention
Anglo-American in the Land of Israel, which included word for word
The wording of the Mandate, and thus the United States became bound by the provisions of the Mandate.
This treaty is considered a treaty between the two states and should therefore be regarded as "a law
Supreme state "in the United States - in accordance with Article 6 of the United States Constitution.
The documents mentioned above - the San Remo Resolution, the Mandate for the Land of Israel,
The Franco-British Boundary Treaty and the Anglo-American Treaty on the matter
Palestine - are documents of international law, and as such are worthy
Which will be central to any discussion of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Instructions
The documents emerging from these documents were never annulled. The rights granted to the people
The Jews on the Land of Israel remain in effect to this very day. Unfortunately,
They are hardly - if any - mentioned in the media and in academic circles. forbidden
Bypass them during the ongoing peace process.
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There is no doubt that British governments, one after the other, began with the government of the Lloyd George in the year 0270, did everything they could to blur, block or violate The legal rights of the Jewish people in the Land of Israel - the rights they had To preserve and promote as part of the international commitment that Britain has received Itself as a Mandatory power in the Land of Israel.
Starting with a time that preceded the convening of the Peace Conference in San Remo Things were repeated over and over again with devastating consequences:
Arab riots - often sourced by cheering calls
Violent behavior emanating from the Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Husseini, As head of the Supreme Muslim Council - led to the establishment of a committee
A British review whose recommendations were implemented in a "White Book" that redefined the British policy. These successive white books systematically limited the Jewish rights in Mandate Palestine.
Within twenty years of the San Remo Conference, Jewish rights were distorted Legitimacy in the Land of Israel beyond imagination. Arguably, responsibility
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The British erosion of Jewish rights was limited to criminal activity, especially in the Arab world World War II and the first years following the Holocaust.
A look at this sequence of "white books" makes it clear that Britain has exceeded its authority Legal framework in the Land of Israel. She acted as sovereign when she had only Authority as a mandatory power, trustee and guide. These powers have been granted First to Britain by the major allies at the San Juan Peace Conference Remo when the British Mandate for Palestine was handed over to the British and written in writing
The Mandate itself, which was later approved by the League of Nations.
Unfortunately, the Permanent Mandates Commission, whose function was to oversee the The activities of the British mandatory power rarely reacted
On these actions as she had to respond.
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Looking back, one can only imagine how many Jews could have been saved from my mother
If the British had refrained from restricting Jewish immigration to Palestine
In blatant violation of their commitment as a mandatory power.
The five-year interim period established in the White Paper named after
McDonald ended in 0211. During the war years, it was only a matter of time
Jews entered the Land of Israel, both legally and "illegally"
British rules), thus not fulfilling even the quota of 21,000 Immigrants determined in the same document.
The horror and scope of the Holocaust seeped into the consciousness of many shortly after the end of the war
The Second World, but the British insisted on maintaining the immigration quota
Jewish people who determined - despite the huge number of Jews in Europe who did not
They had nowhere to turn. The British inflexibility aroused their opposition
The attack of the Zionists. Explosion of the Wing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem -
British Armed Forces Headquarters - occurred near this date.
Chaim Weizmann's private correspondence reveals that the British were willing to permit The entry of 1,000,000 Jewish immigrants to Palestine and the abolition of the Jews
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McDonald's White Paper, but only on condition that the Jews be disarmed.
In light of the continued hostility of the Arabs, this condition is considered unacceptable by the Arabs,
By the Zionists who feared the worst in the event of the evacuation of the forces
The British.
Following World War II, the British sought to get rid of it
Of their obligations under the Mandate and requesting assistance from other parties, Especially from the US Based on the findings of the Anglo-
Who unanimously condemned the White Paper, demanded that their immigration be permitted Of 100,000 Jews from Europe to Palestine. However, the party
The British Labor, which has just won elections, under the leadership of the prime minister Clement Attlee, rejected the US proposal on the grounds that adoption would bring Breach of public order and the outbreak of all-out battles. 7
A few months later, the Anglo-An American proposal for a one-time immigration of a hundred thousand Jews and the establishment A federation in Palestine, in which two semi-autonomous regions are under British control and a very limited area for Jews. Both the Arabs and the Jews
This plan was rejected, and President Truman later changed his mind
The Morrison-Grady Plan and demanded "a viable Jewish state in a part of the Land of Israel-
Israel will be enough for it, "despite the fierce opposition from within, both from the ministry And the US Department of Defense.
At the beginning of the year 1212 Britain gave the United Nations the question of Palestine, And in November of that year adopted. General Assembly resolution on the division, Land of Israel. Acts of violence increased between November 0212 and May 0212
And when the establishment of the State of Israel was declared, the Arabs immediately began. In an integrated military offensive. The War of Independence ended in 0212
Armistice agreements were signed with most of the Arab fighting countries.
However, to this day the Arabs reject the right of the State of Israel
To exist as the state of the Jews.
part 1
ישראל Ancient Israel
הופעת The emergence of modern Zionism
האימפריה Ottoman Empire
The Balfour Declaration
Wilson's Four Points
ועידת Paris Conference for Peace - 0101
ברית Alliance of the League of Nations
ועידת San Remo Conference: A landmark
סן San Remo and international law
אמנת The French-British Charter
יצירת Creation of Transjordan
עבר Transjordan: Legal and political questions
Mandate for Eretz Israel
האמנה The Anglo-American Convention
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Note: Some of the dates here do not purport to be accurate,
Especially dates preceding the end of Solomon's reign.
Without any connection to the changing territorial boundaries
And the rise and fall of sovereignty over Jewish sovereignty
There was a Jewish presence over the Land of Israel over the centuries
Has been in the Land of Israel for more than three thousand years. continuity
This history is not only remarkable in view of waves
Persecution 0 Pogroms and genocide; Jewish devotion
The unshakable in their ancestral land is a unique phenomenon
Many remarkable historians.
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The story of the Hebrews returns to Abraham, about 1200 years BC,
When the light from the land of the Chaldeans emigrated to the Promised Land. Below we will review the
History of the Jewish people from the period of settlement in Israel.
After the exodus from Egypt - which must have occurred before 790 BCE, probably 9
During the 10th century BCE, the Israelites crossed the Jordan River
And conquered the Promised Land under the command of Yehoshua Ben-Nun
About 711 BC The relative ease of the occupation stemmed
The weakness of Egypt - which at that time fought against the Philistines -
And the collapse of the Hittite empire.
The land was divided among the twelve tribes of Israel, and the judges (Deborah,
Shimshon, Gideon, and others) exercised their authority in order to maintain the devotion of the tribes
One another. The tribes of Reuben, Gad, and half the tribe of Manasseh settled eastward to the river
The Jordan River. The Philistines 1 controlled the Canaanites and held the coastal strip from Gaza, Ashkelon
And Ashdod to Tel Aviv-Yafo of today, as well as a number of fortresses inside the country
inside. The Philistines began to use iron in those days, and their armor
Led to the defeat of the Israelites in the Battle of Even HaEzer.
Saul was crowned King of Israel in the year 0171 BC
Continued the war against the Philistines, and fell in battle on the Gilboa. The condition of
The Israelites were critical until David, Shaul's son-in-law, finally defeated him
The Philistines. David was crowned King of Israel in about 0111 BC,
And during his reign he extended the territory of Israel 1 eastward by conquering Edom,
Moab and Ammon and north to the west of Damascus), the dark gray area on the map
The Philistines raised taxes to Israel and became a protectorate.
King David conquered Jerusalem and made it the capital of his kingdom, and strengthened it
The institution of the united Israeli monarchy. After his death in 161 BC,
His son Solomon ascended to the throne. 6 The forty years that the king of Solomon was a column
The golden age of Israel in a period of relative peace. King Solomon developed the
Economy and art, drive a permanent army, make alliances with neighbors -
The Phoenicians - and built the First Temple in Jerusalem. 2
The death of Solomon in 177 BCE led to an increase in tensions
The inner part of the kingdom-that had split. Solomon's son Rechavam became king
On its southern part - Yehuda - while Jeroboam was crowned on the north -
Israel. The kingdom of Israel was richer than the Kingdom of Judah, but it was also
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More exposed to foreign cultural influences and less resistant to invasions
on the outside. The schism in the kingdom of Solomon greatly weakened both parts.
Around 210 BC, the king of Assyria, Tiglath-Pileser III, conquered the
The northern kingdom of Israel, and its capital, Samaria, was destroyed in 277
And its population was exiled
The Assyrian invasion; 2 Israeli residents were exiled, as stated, and new populations
Syria and Babylon were brought to settle the land. Only the southern kingdom of Judea
Remains a protectorate, including its capital, Jerusalem, and a section of the Negev desert
Which greatly diminished during the seventh century BCE.
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At the end of the seventh century BCE the Assyrian empire disintegrated,
And the new Babylonian empire rose in the area between the rivers, Euphrates
And the Tigris.
The king of Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar, conquered Judah and suppressed the last Jewish revolt
In 685 BCE, when Jerusalem fell, the Temple was destroyed to the ground
On Tisha B'Av, an event that Jews have lamented to this very day
around the world. The prophet Jeremiah tells of this event: "How will gold be made?
Hate the good stain! You shall destroy the stones of the sanctuary at the head of all the streets "(Lamentations 4: 1).
The same cry of despair also comes from the Book of Psalms (116: 1): "On the rivers of Babylon
There we sat, we cried, remembering Zion! "The Exile of the Jews in Babylon (Iraq of
(Today) was to last sixty years.
During the Babylonian exile, the reds moved from the eastern side of the Jordan River towards
West, into Judea, which was now a population. This area was known then
In the name of Idomea. Despite the disaster of exile, this period was rich in thought
And a Jewish theological work, and some Bible books were probably composed
During this period) the Book of Kings, the portion of the Book of Isaiah attributed to "Isaiah
The second, "and more).
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The Babylonians were quickly conquered by the Akmanid forces under the leadership of the king
Cyrus II, who supported the return of the Jews to their country, began in 831 BCE.
Koresh is praised in the biblical literature, and is also called "Messiah." King of Persia
Later, Darius first, continued the policy of his predecessor in 655
And permitted Zerubavel to build the Second Temple in Jerusalem
Late sixth century BC) The above image shows the Second Temple
After it was expanded much later by King Herod in the century
(First BC).
Under Persian rule, Judah was a tiny district that was squeezed between Edomia
South of Samaria in the north, and enjoyed only limited autonomy. All districts
They were ruled from Damascus, and King Darius I kept the peace of the region, her son
New ways and developed the trade. This peaceful period attracted visitors
From Greece, which began the process of Hellenization that was to prevail with the conquest of
Macedonia led by Alexander the Great 11 in 335 BC.
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After the death of Alexander the Great ("Great") in 373 BC, the territory
The vast one that conquered the East for ten years (only!) Was divided between two
From his commanders, each of whom established his own dynasty; 07 After struggles
Among them, the Ptolemaic kings ruled Egypt and the southern region of Anatolia
) Today Turkey (the blue territories on the upper left map)
The Slavus Dynasty dominated the vast area that stretched from what is now Afghanistan
(The yellow area on the same map), including the Land of Israel.
New national entities appeared during this period. The Nabatean Arabs, in particular
Merchants traveling in the desert in camel rites established their capital city in Petra
(Today in the south of the Kingdom of Jordan), while the Syrians acted similarly in Tadmor
(Palmyra), not far from Damascus
Hellenization, 09 and the region flourished economically - which attracted a strong influx of
Greeks.
Their language, their creations, and the pagan cults of the Greeks spread throughout the region. Jews
Many of Judah adopted Greek names and customs; Gymnasia was built in Jerusalem.
When King Antiochus IV entered Epiphanes to Jerusalem, he robbed the Jews
Its treasures and prohibited the observance of Jewish customs. Matityahu the priest, to the Hasmonean house,
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The revolt began with his son, Judah "Maccabee", with the support of loyal Jews declared
Total war in Antiochus and the Hellenistic Syrians. Jerusalem was liberated
In the year 061 BCE by Judah Maccabee, 01 who cleansed the Temple
) His actions are commemorated in the annual Chanukah celebration and by lighting candles - as described
above(.
Later, Jerusalem again fell under this rule - the successor of the
Antiochus, but the Temple was not defiled. The Maccabees Hall
The Hasmoneans continued the war, and finally Shimon the Maccabee succeeded
To be liberated from the Seleucid rule in 010 BC
The Jewish kingdom led by the Hasmonean kings expanded and narrowed
Alternately from that point onward. At its peak) under the leadership of the Hasmonean king,
Alexander Jannaeus (the kingdom included part of the Negev, all Judea, Samaria,
Almost the entire coastal strip, and a considerable part of the area of Transjordan. hall
The kingdom fell victim to internal friction between different religious groups
(The Pharisees and the Sadducees), 10 and also between Hellenistic Jews and traditionalists
Their fathers.
During the conquest of the land by the Romans 01 led by Pompeii in 63
BC, the Hasmonean Kingdom began to crumble while the kingdom
It itself was subject to serious internal divisions. Aided by the Romans, was circumcised
In 32 BCE Herod the Great (who was born as a non-Jew) but behaved like a Jew
Married a Jewish Hasmonean princess (like the king of Judah), and destroyed his opponents
Among the Hasmoneans. While he ruled under the watchful eye of the Romans, he was
Expanded the territory of his kingdom, retained full autonomy in domestic matters,
Renewed the face of the Temple in Jerusalem, and skillfully led a balance between
The aspirations of the various parts of the population - Jews and non-Jews, religious
And Hellenistic.
When Herod died in 1 BCE, his kingdom was divided among his sons
This of political and religious controversy, appeared in Jesus (pbuh) who impressed the most
His followers. This led to a widening rift in Judaism and eventually
The appearance of Christianity in the world. During the reign of the last kings of his dynasty
Herod - Agrippa II, who worked against the Jews in his last years
In power, the territory of the kingdom was limited to part of southern Syria, whereas in Judea,
Samaria and the Judean Lowlands were ruled by Roman procurators. Agrippa II survived until the year
The Jewish rebellion that broke out in 66 CE
Eventually led, in 21, to the destruction of the Second Temple by me
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Titus. The revolt itself ended after the heroic fall of Masada in 23
For example.
In the year 3030 CE, the second Jewish revolt, led by Bar Kokhba,
By the Hellenistic Roman emperor Hadrian, who sought to destroy any connection between the people
The Jew with his country. He turned the city of Jerusalem into a Roman colony and called it
The same "Aelia Capitolina", and the Land of Israel called "Palestine" - a name
The enemies of Israel, the ancient Philistines, who disappeared hundreds of centuries ago
Many years earlier. 02
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
For over a thousand two hundred years, the Jewish people were present
Collective in the Land of Israel. Apart from the short exile of Babylon (about 60 years)
Jerusalem 02 was mainly Jewish hands throughout the period, without any
Connected to the swaying borders of the various kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Home
The Temple in Jerusalem was the center of Jewish national identity.
No power had ruled this country for a longer period. When
The Romans destroyed the Second Temple in 20 CE, Titus walked
In a victory parade in Rome, showing the treasures of the temple as robbed
Which can be seen in Titus' request, which stands until today at the entrance to the forum
In Rome. In the loot taken from the Temple, the golden menorah appears to be a daughter
The seven branches are carried by a group of Jewish prisoners of war.
During the second long exile period, Jewish communities continued
To live in a country that was now called "Palestine", and was under the control of the Jews
A series of foreign rulers: the Romans, the Byzantines, the Sassanid Persians, the Arabs,
The Crusaders, the Mamelukes, and the Ottoman Turks. However, throughout the generations
These Jews never lost their connection to Eretz
Their fathers or the hope of returning to it.
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
This emotional and spiritual connection to the Land of Israel found its expression both at the level of the individual
Yehuda Halevi, in the twelfth century, and Rabbi Yosef Karo, who joined the Jewish community
(Which existed in Safed in the middle of the sixteenth century) and on the collective level, through
A plan that several prominent Jews had anticipated the settlement of Jewish communities
) Don Joseph Nasi, who established with the active support of the Turkish sultan a refuge
Jews in Tiberias in the sixteenth century, following the persecution of Jews in Spain).
Little Jewish immigration to Palestine continued until the nineteenth century, when Sir initiated
Moshe Montefiore Around 0210 Proposals for Political Zionism,
Followed by Moshe Hess in 0267, Leo Pinsker in 0227) author
("Auto Emancipation") and Hovevei Zion - initiatives that brought them
For the establishment of new Jewish settlements in Palestine during the thirty years
The late nineteenth century, such as Rosh Pina, Petah Tikva, Rishon Lezion,
And Neve Tzedek. The return of the Jews to Eretz Israel was also supported by Zionists
Christians, such as William Blackstone who recruited hundreds of prominent Americans
Zionist conflict in the wake of the severe pogroms that took place in Russia and the departure of half
A million Jews from Russia in the late 19th century, at the beginning of the twentieth century
Tens of thousands of Jews lived in Palestine.
The Jewish people were deprived of their national home for a period of more than one thousand eight
Hundreds of years - until the international community recognized the historical connection
. Between the people and their country at the Peace Conference held in San Remo in 0270
The rebuilding of the national home of the Jewish people was enshrined in the trial
International organization as "the sacred loyalty of civilization", in accordance with the provisions
The Mandate system adopted by the League of Nations. Less than thirty later
Year, on May 01, 0212, the nation proclaimed the re-establishment of a state
Modern Jewish Israel.
The symbol of Israel's Danit appears in the candlestick that stood in front of the house
The temple, with its double hexagonal foundation. Could be a more appropriate symbol
Of national continuity ?!
However, similar to Emperor Hadrian's attempt to erase the Jewish connection
To the land by calling it "Palestine," so that the Arabs of Eretz-
Israel of today with the same ridiculous facts about Jerusalem
Jewish conflict.
The last case of "historical correction" took place on May 00, 700, when the kadi
The main Muslim of the Palestinian Authority, Sheikh Tayseer al-Tamimi,
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
Embarrassed the pope by slandering his presence in a diabolical center
In Jerusalem, the State of Israel. After a few months, he announced it
Tamimi: "Jerusalem is an Arab and Islamic city, and has always been
There is no evidence that the Jews had a connection or even a presence
In Jerusalem or that their alleged temple ever existed. "
How can reconciliation be reconciled between nations when they are deliberately distorted?
So radically historical facts?
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
The Dreyfus Affair 02 shocked the political establishment of the Republic
French third at the end of the 19th century. Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain
A young man in the French army, was accused of illegally passing military secrets to the Germans.
In 1999 he was convicted at the end of a show trial led by me
Growing anti-Semitism in large sectors of French society; Edited for him
Military trial at the Ecole Militaire (Ecole Militaire) in 9911
Demoted, and sent to the Devil Island in French Guiana to serve his sentence
The world imposed on him.
Within a short time French society was divided between the supporters of Dreyfus and his opponents,
And the controversy sometimes bordered on violence. However, in many cases of injustice
Obviously, the voices of righteous people who were shaken are also raised. Famous
Among these was Emil Zola, a well-known author who was furious at the manifestations of anti-Semitism
The most prominent in the French army, despite being a highly respected institution. Pulp wrote
A sharp article that bore the bold name "I Accuse!" 70, which was published in the daily
L'Orre on January 9, 0222, and was addressed to French President Felix Faure.
In the hope that he would succeed in mobilizing public opinion in France, Zola openly accused him
Senior military officers, and suggested to the court to sue him for taking out
Defamation - convinced that the truth is on his side. French authorities have indeed sued
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
And even sentenced him to a year in prison, but he escaped to England
And stayed there until June 0222, when developments were already in the best interests of
Dreyfus.
After a retrial that ended with conviction again, Dreyfus was finally acquitted
In the year 0206 by the Supreme Court of France, and was even awarded a medal
respect. But it took another 22 years for the French Ministry of Defense to admit,
On 2 September 0221, that indeed a 'military conspiracy' had been established against Dreyfus.
Benjamin Ze'ev (Theodor) Herzl, 79 An Austrian Jew, a Viennese newspaper reporter, was
Until the act of injustice, and was shocked by the legal proceedings and Magal
The anti-Semitism that arose in France, the homeland of human rights
The universality. His conclusion was that "emancipation"
And their equal status as citizens, officially enshrined in French law, are not
But a fiction. He understood the need to establish a Jewish state and published it
. The Jewish state 71 in 0226
Even though they preceded Herzl with a few visionaries - especially Moses Hess, author
The book "Rome and Jerusalem" - the book room "State of the Jews" deep into their hearts
Of European Jewry and even led to the Basel Conference of the First Zionist Congress
On August 27,. The World Zionist Organization was formed - later, the Histadrut
World Zionist Organization - and Herzl was elected President; And determined that "the purpose of Zionism
Is to establish for the Jewish people a home in the Land of Israel whose existence will be ensured
By law "
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Jews were in a difficult situation as a result
Of growing anti-Semitism in Europe. In 0209 was held in Kishinev
(In today's Moldova) a terrible pogrom, Herzl considered these grave circumstances
The possibility of establishing in Uganda, with British support, temporary shelter for Jews.
However, in 2010, the Seventh Zionist Congress rejected this plan.
One incident - the Dreyfus Affair - had an unexpected effect on Israel
Human history. Two men of courage and determination come out of
The rule - Emil Zola, an avid defender of the truth, even against superior forces
And Binyamin Ze'ev Herzl, a visionary who was also a man of action
Who understood the plight of the Jews of Europe and recruited world Jewry
To build what today is the Jewish State of Israel.
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
Over the course of three hundred years, the Ottoman Turks expanded their territory
In Asia Minor so that it contained the Middle East, the Balkans,
Part of Central Europe and a wide strip of North Africa, until they were blocked
At the gates of Vienna in 1989. For the next 180 years, the Ottomans lost
All their assets in Europe and North Africa.
At the outbreak of the First World War, when it joined the superpowers
The center (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria) surrounded the empire
The Ottoman Empire only Asia Minor and what is now known as the Middle East:
Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia and the western part of the Arabian Peninsula
Which was then called Hijaz 72 (the area marked red in the map above).
The Allies - especially Great Britain, together with the contribution of the Jewish Brigade -
They defeated the Ottoman Turks during the war. British forces,
Under the command of General Allenby, entered Jerusalem in 2020, after four
Hundreds of years of Turkish control. 72
It is interesting to note that the fall of Jerusalem in December 2020 took place in Hanukkah and Nahal
The British situation published a statement marking the previous fall of Jerusalem, when
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
The Seleucid rule was defeated by Judah Maccabee 7,027 years earlier -
An event that has been celebrated to this very day in Hanukkah.
Legal Mechanism for the Treatment of Turkish Property in the Middle East
Was established at the Peace Conference in Paris in January 2010, and the division
The practical nature of these areas was determined at the Peace Conference
. Which convened in San Remo in April 0270
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
Chaim Weizmann and Winston Churchill met for the first time in 2218. during
World War I, Churchill, who played a role in those days
The First Lord of the Admiralty, the Minister of the Sea, assigned Weizmann to the entrance
A process to produce large-scale acetone for it to be used to make explosive devices
Explosion into the Navy. Weizmann succeeded in this mission, and the two men have since maintained close contact.
However, this was not the consideration that decided the British support for the movement
Zionist movement in the Land of Israel.
In 1920, the British sought to keep Russia in the side of ownership
The United States in the war and increase the war effort of the US The Jews -
Even those who lived in Russia and those who lived in the United States supported the movement
Zionist movement. Britain sought to draw the Jews to its side by implementing it
A positive policy toward Zionism, in the hope that the Jews would be able to influence
The policies of these two powers, especially when the Germans also tried
In the year 2020 to enlist Jewish support by adopting a positive attitude toward me
The Zionist plan. On 7 November 0202, Lord Arthur James published
Balfour, the British Foreign Secretary, made the Balfour Declaration an unequivocal statement
British support for the "National Home in Eretz Israel for the Jewish People", as submitted
To the First Zionist Congress 26 in Basel in 0222. It should be noted that Balfour
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
Churchill, and Prime Minister Lloyd George, personally endorsed the plan
Zionist movement.
The Balfour Declaration was merely a memorandum of intent reflecting policy
British in those days. Less than three years after its publication, it has become
To the document of international law, when its provisions were adopted at the conference
(April 0270) and became part of its obligations
Of Britain. These provisions were later anchored in the Mandate for Palestine
(July 2007), the Balfour Declaration constitutes a key supporting document
The rebirth of the Jewish people in the Land of Israel. However, the opponents
Zionism rushed to provide their own interpretation of the document and voted for three
The following points:
The declaration referred not to a "Jewish state" but to "a national home for the people
The Jew ";
The term "in the Land of Israel" is not identical to the concept "in all of Eretz Israel";
The term "non-Jewish communities in Palestine" meant the Arab people.
These misleading and deceptive interpretations are baseless, and most of them were refuted:
The Zionist term "state" was not used by the Zionist framers
The statement in 2020 did not use the explicit term "state" to avoid it
To arouse the anger of the British government. However, there was no basis
To their concern, because the records of the Cabinet meetings in which Balfour had raised the issue
The subject shows that the British indeed envisioned a Jewish state in the moment
That the Jewish population of the Land of Israel reach a reasonable level. also
The French shared this understanding. Beyond that, the mere use of the word
"Leumi" reveals the real intention. Following several white books
British) especially, the White Paper dated 0292, named after
And the erosion of the rights of the Jews in Palestine, the Zionists adopted
Finally, the Biltmore Plan, May 90, 0217,
All: The establishment of a sovereign Jewish state in Palestine.
The term "in Palestine" was always understood as "in every country,
Israel ", and not only in part of it
When "Palestine" appears in the official version of the Mandate for the Land of Israel,
Cases that leave no doubt about territorial integrity, in particular
In Article 1 of the Mandate: "No territory of the Land of Israel shall be delivered ...
No foreign power. "
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
One of the concerns that the French gave expression to was that of
The Christian communities living in the Land of Israel (Catholics, Maronites,
The Copts, the Anglicans, the Orthodox, and others)
The Muslim communities refer to the Balfour Declaration, and not to the Arabs in line
"With". This becomes clear when one considers that the rights in question are
Personal, rather than collective rights that could have been granted to a recognized people such as
The Arab people, moreover, the decision taken at San Remo on April 10
0270 (reminiscent of her French version of "the religious communities
Variance ") les différentes communautés religieuses.)
Beyond that, to stop any anti-Jewish movement in Europe or even
Possible accusations of dual loyalty) as suggested by anti-Zionist Jews
The Balfour Declaration included a directive to protect "rights and status
Political nature that Jews enjoy in every other country. "
Despite its explicit formulation, it was the first British to reinterpret
For them, the Balfour Declaration was against the Jewish people, starting with the White Paper
Named after Churchill published in 0277 - this white book has narrowed down
The territory of the Land of Israel and led at a later date to the establishment of the past -
Jordan - and ending with the Macdonald White Paper (0292), which was almost banished
The rights of the Jewish people that the British had to preserve.
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
Even though many members of the Republican Party disparage him
His stubborn pacifism and his social policy, President Woodrow remained
Wilson among the most esteemed American statesmen. His idealism
And his pursuit of peace did not prevent him from joining the war effort of girls
In April 2020, following many German provocations. At the end
The war became a prominent architect of the peace-building in Versailles. His inclination
Not to compromise has caused the United States not to join the League of Nations,
Which Wilson had helped establish, but which gave expression to his post-world outlook
World War in his "Fourteen Point" speech, which he carried
To a joint meeting of the two Houses of Congress on January 2, indeed
Britain and France refused to accept some of these points in the final formulation of the
The peace treaty signed in Versailles with Germany, but Wilson's speech left
An indelible impression on many peoples and their national aspirations.
These principles of Wilson were based on the liberation of peoples, a just settlement of
Admissibility and the establishment of the League of Nations.
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
Point 0: Wilson demanded "the art of open peace", which the European powers
They were opposed. During the First World War, and even before it, a number was drawn up
Secret agreements, such as the Sykes-Picot Agreement 990206, which divided the East
Middle East to British and French control, with the participation of the Russians. late
Italy tried to join this plan in the framework of the Jean de Mourinho agreement -
Which has never been implemented. These arrangements, which were promoted by the European countries,
Came to perpetuate the imperialist ambitions of policy
The main colonies-and those ideas that Wilson had put an end to.
Point 0: Emphasizing the "interests of the populations
Involvement "in solving the territorial questions that stemmed from the outcome of the war
The world, President Wilson promoted the new system of mandates - planned
From the outset by the South African statesman Jan Christian Smuts 91
And was expressed later in Section 77 of the Brit-Yesod 10 of a friend
The nationalities - and gave hope to the Zionist interpreters, between stateless peoples
Others, such as the Kurds and Armenians. This point is usually referred to
Through the term "self-determination of peoples", an idea founded - though
Not explicitly - on the right of certain populations to their historic lands.
Point 10: Wilson's vision of a "general union of peoples" was translated
In practice, the establishment of the League of Nations was a year later
The Mandates Method. The United States has never joined the League of Nations.
These three points had a special effect on fate
Zionism and the renewal of the Jewish nation in the Land of Israel
Which led this movement.
31.
(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
A few days before the opening of the peace conference in Paris, Chaim signed
Weizmann (head of the Zionist delegation to Palestine) and Emir Feisal (on behalf of the Zionist Organization)
His father, Sherif Hussein Ibn Ali, the king of the Hijaz, signed an agreement he had promised
Cooperation between the Arabs and the Zionists, as well as mass immigration of Jews to Palestine,
Israel. Emir Faisal gave his consent to the Balfour Declaration, however, at the bottom
The letter of the agreement added a note in its handwriting that linked the respect of the agreement
For the establishment of an Arab state on territory from the former Turkish territories
In the region, as previously promised by the British in a correspondence between Hussein
And McMahon. 92
More than thirty countries will be represented at the Paris Peace Conference, the stage hall
The center was seized by the US, Britain and France
Peace on 02 January 2020 was a fascinating moment. Four empires collapsed
During the previous four years-the German Empire, the Empire
Austro-Hungarian, Czarist Russia and the Ottoman Empire - and a mission
The conference was designed to redesign the map of Europe, the East
Mediterranean and certain parts of colonial Africa.
This goal was ultimately achieved through a series of treaties:
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
The Treaty of Versailles, June 27, 2020, reduced the German Empire
The borders of the Weimar Republic;
The Treaty of Saint-Germain, September 20, 2020, dealt with the Austrian case;
The Noeli Convention, November 27, 2020, established the status of Bulgaria,
Which had previously been under Turkish control;
• The Treaty of Trianon, 1 June 2012, recognized Hungary as a sovereign state;
00 August 0270, following the Peace Conference in San Remo, the Treaty of Sever, 92
Defined the status of the territories previously held by me
The Turks in the Middle East. However, the new Turkish leader, Kemal
He refused to ratify the treaty, which underwent renovations and repairs
And reformulated as the Treaty of Lausanne on July 17, 0279. This is, as it says
When the Treaty of Lausanne was signed, there was no longer any need to address it
To the status of the Land of Israel, since the Mandate for Palestine was already approved
By the League of Nations.
At the Peace Conference in Paris, the first issue on the agenda was the creation of a member
Nationalities 11) According to President Wilson's recommendations in the "Fourteen Points"
(And his formulation of Brit-Yesod 10.
On January 90, 2020, Turkey lost its sovereignty - in fact, if not
In theory - on the bias of the Middle East, sovereignty transferred to states
The main agreement, for further treatment in those areas subject to the method
The mandates that had just been formed, in accordance with Smates' decision, 17 which preceded
To Article 77 of the League of Nations' Basic Covenant. The expectation of a decision
Smuts was that Palestine - even before drawing its borders - would be
To the national home of the Jewish people.
Note: Regarding the date of the legal loss of Turkish sovereignty
The areas of Turkey in the Middle East are divided in their opinions:
Attorney Howard Griffe argues with great conviction that the decision on abortion
As early as 90 January 2010 at the Paris Peace Conference,
The foundation of the League of Nations explicitly refers to "the different communities
Who once belonged to the Turkish Empire, "and that the Alliance -
In particular Article 77 thereof - was included in the Treaty of Versailles as a binding document
Of international law.
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
The same opinion was shared by Dr. Bernard Joseph, the legal adviser of the CIA
The Jewish Agency in Mandate Palestine and author of the book
British Rule in Palestine) British rule in Palestine,
Publics Press, 0212
The opinion of Dr. Jacques Gautier is also to be noted
Who believes that Turkey was denied sovereignty during the San Remo Conference and his opinion
Of Arnold D. McIntyre, who believed that there was a "space sovereignty" for
The period before the attribution of the mandates to the Treaty of Lausanne (0279)
Turkey officially relinquished its territory in the Middle East (Cambridge Law Journal, vol. III), 0272, No. 7
Amir Feisal was disappointed by the establishment of the system of mandates, since the method was not
Immediately provided the kind of united Arab state that he dreamed of
He abandoned his commitments to Weizmann. 92 years later, when the states
Arabism in the Middle East gained independence, Weizmann argued, with his reservations
Emir Faisal had no more justification.
The Zionists submitted their demands at the beginning of February 2010 at the Peace Conference
The document was submitted by Lord Rothschild, Nahum Skolov and Chaim
(Weizmann), the most important of which were:
Recognition of the "historical connection" of the Jewish people to the Land of Israel
The basic principle of the legal rights of the Jews to the Land of Israel,
And it repeats itself in all the documents that followed: the San Remo decision
And the Mandate for Palestine.
Recognition of the right to "re-establish" the Jewish national home in Palestine,
Israel, a right derived from the first principle.
The sovereignty of the League of Nations over Palestine, which will be entrusted by Britain with a mandate
To govern the Land of Israel.
The borders of the Land of Israel (including the eastern bank of the Jordan River)
Until the Hijaz railway, which led from Damascus to the north
To the south.) These borders more or less corresponded to the territory of the Kingdom of Israel
"From Dan to Beersheba," as he repeatedly emphasized
The British government, David Lloyd George (see the red line on the map above).
However, when the Mandate for Palestine was approved in July of '27, they came first
The British and incorporated the wording of the Mandate in Article 70 - "reject or
Stop "Jewish settlement east of the Jordan River in September
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
0277 The Council of the League of Nations approved a British memorandum that narrowed considerably
The territory of the Jewish Land of Israel in the East by detachment
Temporary administration of the area called Transjordan.
In a letter addressed to Felix Frankfurter, president of the World Zionist Organization
America, Amir Feisal wrote:
"The Arabs, especially the educated among us, see deep sympathy
The Zionist movement. Our delegation here in Paris knows well
The proposals submitted yesterday by the World Zionist Organization to the conference
Peace, and we treat them as moderate and certain "
On the basis of previous promises made by the victorious Allies
In the war, the Arabs, represented by Emir Faisal, demanded independence -
In confederation - to all Arab countries in Asia, but Faisal refrained
To meet the territorial requirements of the Land of Israel. to understand
Better the real situation in the Middle East, President Wilson initially initiated
The establishment of an international commission of inquiry that eventually became
To an American committee, the King-Crane Commission. Sixteen members of the committee toured the area in 2008
0202. Her findings were not officially published and appeared in the media only after three
Years after the adoption of the Congress's 12 pro-Zionist resolution
The American. The King-Crane Committee objected to the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine,
Israel - a position rejected by two of the committee's advisors - but the president
Wilson supported the boundaries proposed by Weizmann and Sokolow and continued to encourage
The Zionist program.
The British response, on the other hand, to the Zionist proposals was mixed, though
That the most senior representatives - Lloyd George, James Balfour and Lord Corzen -
Sided with them. The French, on the other hand, strongly opposed the northern border lines.
At the Paris peace conference, no official decision was made
To the demands submitted by the Zionist delegation, most of which were representatives of the Allies
"Treat them sympathetically" in general, according to Chaim Weizmann. Although
That the proposed boundaries encountered serious opposition in certain cases,
The requirements were eventually granted and became recognized in international law
A year later at the San Remo Conference. However, shortly after the conference in San Remo,
The growing Arab opposition and British duplicity eroded the rights
These are step by step.
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
. The founding covenant of the League of Nations 10 was included in the Treaty of Versailles in June 2020
A number of amendments to the covenant were adopted at later dates - until 1727
- but none of them was related to Article 77 (see below)
Definition of the organization and work procedures of the member, twenty-six clauses of the covenant
Focus on peace and "honor" among nations; Supreme Court
(With the establishment of a permanent tribunal for international justice), and with respect
Obligations anchored in art.
Article 77 explicitly discusses the newly established system of mandates, with the aim of
Promote the "safety and development" of peoples "who are not yet able to stand
In their own right. "This goal was considered important enough to qualify as" loyalty
Sacred "of civilization, and was accompanied by a commitment from" nations
Advanced ", acting as" mandatory powers in the name of the League of Nations. "
The expectation was that, after a period of "mentoring", the nations enjoying the mandate would be able to do so
To reach self-determination, as foreseen in the Four Points
President Wilson.
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
Article 77 defines three types of mandates, all depending on their stage of development
Of the populations in question. These three types are usually called
As "Type A", "Type B" and "Type C."
Type A seats were given for those areas considered to be highly developed
Which will enable their population to manage their affairs within a short period of time.
These areas included the areas of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East in the past.
Three such mandates were formulated by the main states of agreement:
Mesopotamia and Palestine), which were given to Britain (as well as Syria)
To France.) However, the Mandate for Palestine was considered unique (sui generis)
For reasons detailed below, please see note below.
B-type seats were awarded to less-developed regions in Central Africa.
Six such seats were given to Belgium) on the end of a long process
(To Rwanda and Burundi), to Britain (in what is now Tanzania), and yes
For a combination of British and French mandates in parts of Cameroon and Togo (now Togo)
And Building).
C-type seats were assigned to small, remote and sparsely populated areas
Southwest Africa and the South Pacific Islands. These areas
Were supposed to be "subject to the laws of the mandatory power, as parts
Integral parts of its territory, "provided that the interests of the population are preserved
The local. Five such seats were given to Japan (on certain islands)
(In the Pacific), South Africa (now Namibia), Australia
) On New Guinea (and New Zealand) on Western Samoa).
The system of mandates was supposed to refer also to the Armenians and the Kurds. hall,
Later developments, such as the rise to power of Kemal Ataturk
Turkey and the political interests of France and Britain, blocked the process
Realization of the national aspirations of these peoples.
Note: It is often said that since the Mandate for Palestine is a mandate
Of type A, it applies to what is said in section 77 of the covenant of foundation
League of Nations: "The will of these communities must be a central consideration
In the choice of the mandatory power. "Opponents of the State of Israel
Claim that the desire of the "indigenous Arab population" of Eretz-
Israel had to prevail, and therefore the Zionist plan was non-
And constituted a violation of the member's covenant.
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
This interpretation does not have a close examination. This is because section 77
States that: "In any mandatory case, the mandatory power must submit
The Council has an annual report regarding the area that was submitted for its handling. " Powers
The agreement adopted the Balfour Declaration in San Remo, and the result was the Mandate
On Palestine - was approved by the 17 member states of the League of Nations. Friend
The nationalities and the Permanent Mandates Committee were fully aware of its character
Of the Mandate for Palestine. It is absurd to claim a friend
The nationalities, knowingly and willingly, violated their own basic covenant. what
Which was truly achieved by the Mandate for the Land of Israel was the Sabbath with
The native Jews of his country - from which he was exiled and exiled hundreds of years ago
many years. The League of Nations achieved this result by relying on "the connection
And the basis for the rehabilitation of the Jewish people
National home in this country, "as explicitly stated in the introduction to the letter
Mandate for the Land of Israel. Moreover, the intention of the framers of the Mandate to
The Land of Israel is clearly revealed in Article 21 of the Sever Convention
(See note 39).
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
The conference opened on April 02, 0270 at the Villa Dabkan, in the resort town
On the Italian Riviera San Remo, under the patronage of the Supreme Council of the
The main powers of agreement), the victors of World War II
The first two days (71 and 71 April) were devoted to treatment
In the former Turkish territories of the Middle East. 12
The San Remo Peace Conference 12 and the final decision adopted by the superpowers
The agreement on April 17 is essential to understanding the political situation
The Middle East. 10
For the first time in more than 200 years the geographical region was known
As "Palestine" since the Roman period to a legal entity. Though borders
"Palestine" was not precisely defined in San Remo, the dominant intention was battle
As far as possible to the Biblical boundaries of the kingdoms of Judea and Israel
The earliest. In this context, British Prime Minister David Lloyd made the remarks
George, the combination of "Medan to Be'er Sheva," an expression that appeared mostly in documents
Different.
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
All prior agreements between the great powers regarding treatment were canceled
In the former Turkish territories in the Middle East, this connection is particularly noteworthy
Is the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 0206 between France and Britain - and replaced
In the provisions of the San Remo Resolution, 10 based on the system of mandates accordingly
To Article 77 of the League of Nations. 10 This new "openness"
In international relations, she received an honorable mention in "The Four Points"
Of President Wilson.
In that the San Remo Resolution repealed the Balfour Declaration of November 2020 -
Which until then was merely an expression of British foreign policy,
Although several other countries expressed their support for it - and strengthened it
Its language, and by annexing Article 77 of a member's covenant
The League of Nations, the San Remo Resolution - adopted by the Allied Powers
The main one - turned the Balfour Declaration into a document of international law.
In this way, the National Home of the Jewish People, which will be rebuilt in the Land of Israel,
Israel, to international recognition, and this principle was the central element of the Mandate
About the land of Israel given to Britain to serve as a mandatory power.
, Based on the concept of 'self-definition' promoted by President Wilson in 2020
The Jewish people gained legal sovereignty over the Land of Israel, based on the connection
Its history, despite the fact that this sovereignty could not be realized for all
Mandate period. These legal rights in Palestine were special to the people
The Jew, who became the national beneficiary within the framework of the system of mandates. UK
Took upon itself a triple role: (a) as a mandatory power, to achieve the
The establishment of the Jewish national home under political and administrative conditions
And economic value; (B) as a trustee, to preserve the entire country faithfully for the people
The Jew; And (c) as a guide, to guide the Jewish people toward independence
Through self-governing institutions. Legal sovereignty over the Land of Israel
Was therefore transferred from the Allied powers - after the revocation of Turkey's rights
At the Paris peace conference a year earlier - for the Jewish people.
The transfer of ownership and sovereignty over the Land of Israel to the Jewish people is not given
To cancel. No action by the League of Nations or the United Nations
The United Nations - the organization that succeeded the member in 2010 - no
Could have changed that decision. In this context, one must reflect on the legality of
UN General Assembly Resolution 020 ("the Partition Plan"
(November 2011), which sought to reduce the rights to a decisive extent
The territoriality of the Jewish people in the Land of Israel.
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
The San Remo Decision was included in the Sevre Convention of August 17, Despite signing
This treaty by representatives of the Turkish Sultan, it has never been ratified by me
The new Turkish government headed by Kemal Ataturk. Later
The Treaty of Sevres was replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne (0279), but the provisions of the San
Remo's obligations are subject to international law. The matter of the Land of Israel is sitting
Prior to 0279, when the Mandate for Palestine was approved (July, 2010), and therefore not
Was mentioned at all in the Treaty of Lausanne. Moreover, Kemal Ataturk never formulated,
The new Turkish leader, no claim about the Middle East
Who had once been part of the Turkish Empire, for all his interest was given
The preservation of the territorial integrity of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and territory
Turkey in Europe.
In parallel with Jewish national rights in Palestine,
They have equal national rights for Arabs, 19 in Syria) subject to the mandate
French, which included both Lebanon (and Mesopotamia) today, Iraq, subject
(In addition to the Arab state that already existed in part)
Western peninsula of Arabia.
Beyond the fact that the decision of the San Remo Peace Conference fulfilled the aspirations
The nationalism of the Jewish people (Zionism), the conference also marked the end of the
The longest chapter in colonization in human history. While the superpowers
Foreignness extended their colonization in Africa, Asia, and the two
Americas For periods of no more than 100 years, the Land of Israel was
Occupied and colonized by a series of foreign powers for a longer period
For over 200 years - the Romans, the Byzantines, the Sassanid Persians, the Arabs,
Crusaders, Mamluks and Turks. You could have expected that release
Colonization will receive songs of praise from the hands of "progress" acting in a manner
Traditional against any form of imperialism.
It can also be argued that the San Remo Resolution marked the release of the Jewish minority
The oldest in the Land of Israel from Muslim control - along with Jewish immigrants
Who fled or were expelled later from Arab and Muslim countries - from the yoke of a regime
Dhimi 11, which forced them to become second-class citizens in Islamic countries.
This unilateral violation of the dhimmi regime, which they claim is a legal contract
Which requires non-Muslim populations, as determined by the caliph
Omar in the seventh century CE, according to the Koran, Sura "Al-
Taube "(2:72) is sometimes mentioned as an explanation for the ongoing Islamic hostility
Towards Israel.
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
Because of the reservations of Italy - which economic interests
(In the Turkish province of Antalya)
Have not yet been settled to its satisfaction - and the insistence of the United States
To approve the draft of the Mandate even before its approval by the Council
League of Nations, it took another two years until the Mandate was approved
Palestine since the date of its submission to the Council in December
Lord Balfour. This unfortunate delay opened a long series of violations
The principles set in San Remo - to the detriment of the Jewish people.
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
This sketch summarizes the connection between the San Remo decision and the
International Law 10
At the Peace Conference convened in Paris at the initiative of the Supreme Council
The main powers of agreement, the League of Nations was formed on the basis of its wishes
Of President Wilson. The founding covenant of the League of Nations included the method
The Mandates in Section 77, thus reflecting the principle of "self-determination"
Which President Wilson sought to promote in his Four Points.
At the Peace Conference in San Remo, the Mandates system was used
To redraw the map of the Middle East, which until then had been dominated by the Turks
The Ottomans. The San Remo Resolution, adopted on April 17,
The Supreme Council of the Principal Allied Powers, gave binding force
To the Balfour Declaration, which until then was merely an expression of British policy
- and gave it international approval. The San Remo decision gave the people
The Jew gave sovereignty over the Land of Israel, and to the Arabs she gave rights
Parallel in Syria and Mesopotamia. Thus, legitimacy must be recognized
Of the Arab states of today - Syria, Iraq, and Lebanon) that has been created
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
Within the framework of the French mandate for Syria (derived from the same source in the trial
Which re-established the Jewish nation in the Land of Israel.
In July 2007, two years after the adoption of the San Remo Resolution, the Mandate was approved
Palestine by the Council of the League of Nations, and subsequently unanimously approved by the League of Nations,
By the 17 member states of the League of Nations.
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
After the granting of mandates to Britain and France at the peace conference in San
Remo in April 0270, it was necessary to determine their boundaries, especially between Eretz-
Israel subject to the British mandate and Syria subject to the French mandate.
A year earlier, at the peace conference in Paris, the borders of Palestine had been established
Proposed by the Zionists were received with sympathy by Emir Feisal, the President
And Woodrow Wilson, as well as French and British government officials. Everyone
Agreed in principle to the formula "from Dan to Be'er Sheva", which reflected the dimensions
Historic Palestine - more or less according to the red line on the map
Which includes the right side.
Shortly thereafter, however, the new French government reverted
Headed by Alexander Muellerand of Georges Clemenceau's commitment and insisted on it
Who will live the Sykes-Picot 99 agreement of 0206 that is no longer valid: they are
Claimed the area to the south of the Litani River (now in southern Lebanon) as well as the
Sources of the Jordan River in Mount Hermon. We must note that the Sykes-Picot agreement is dead
A kiss died after some of the president's 'fourteen points' were combined
Wilson (in particular, points 0 and 10) in the Treaty of Versailles, 11 and the San Remo Resolution
Granted the mandates to Britain and France.
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
Parties negotiated for a few months until they reached a treaty of borders
French-British, 16 which was finally signed in December 0270, and although it is
Should have been submitted to the Council of the League of Nations, as set out in section
02 Treaty of Versailles, assumed that it was actually approved by the Council at the time
Mandate for the Mandate of Palestine in July. The northern borders of Eretz-
Israel, as set forth in the Convention, crossed the Sea of Galilee and restricted the part
Of the Golan Heights to the northwestern part (the blue line on the map).
The treaty ordered that the border be delineated in detail, a task
Which was supposed to be carried out by a committee to mark the border. 12 The final report
Of the Commission was filed in February 0277, and introduced the Newcom-Paula line)
(The green map above): The entire Golan was removed from the Land of Israel and included in the Mandate
Syria, while the entire Sea of Galilee was included in the Land of Israel, although the coast
The northern part of the lake was only a few meters from the Syrian border. Newcom-
Paula deviated significantly from the provisions of the Convention, despite Article 7
Which clearly guided the commission "to mark the border on the ground
As set forth in Article 0 between the Mandatory and the Mandatory territories
the British."
Regardless of the changes that took place on the northern border of Palestine,
The eastern border remained unchanged in the French-British Charter,
And the term "Transjordan" does not appear at all. In the hall, the long delay between
Submission of the draft mandate to the Council in December 2009 and the official approval
Of the Mandate for Palestine in July 2010 operated against the will of the aspirations
The territoriality of Zionists.
This 17-month delay was entirely due to external factors: Italy
Suspended its consent until the settlement of its demands to south-west Anatolia;
The United States delayed expressing its consent to the mandate until securing equal rights
Its citizens to the other foreigners (after all, the United States was not a member of the League of Nations);
There were also a number of internal procedural factors in the League of Nations that contributed to the delay.
In any event, the delay enabled the administrative and temporary separation of Transjordan
By the British in 0270, a move approved by the Member Council in September
0277. Moreover, this unexpected delay allowed the British to give up
The northwestern part of the Golan Heights in favor of the French mandate over Syria
In the Border Marking Agreement (ratified in March 2009)
This versatility raises a number of complex questions about their legitimacy,
As will be briefly explained below:
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
Although not formally adopted, the latest draft of the Mandate of December 0270
Was considered to be a crucial document on the rights and obligations of Britain,
In its activity as the Mandatory power in Eretz Israel. Determining the borders of Eretz-
Israel was the sole responsibility of the four powers
The main, as explicitly stated in the San Remo Resolution, is the Severan Treaty
And in the first paragraph of the preamble to the Mandate for Palestine. 12 The Mandate forbade
To hand over territory from Eretz Israel to any foreign entity (Article 1), and he determined that any change
Must obtain the consent of the Council of the League of Nations (Article 72)
The changes led by the Commission for marking the border at 0277, approved in 0279, accounted for
A violation of these Mandate clauses since the final approval of the Council was given only
In 1920, at the request of Britain.
In any case, the French-British border treaty, along with
The San Remo Resolution and the Mandate for the Land of Israel constitute the documents
The decisive international law that determines the rights of the people
The Jew on Palestine, as noted earlier in the Balfour Declaration.
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
Note: Although administrative and temporary separation of Transjordan
Palestine was officially approved by the Council of the League of Nations
In September 0277, the sequence of events that led to this separation began
As early as 0270, as can be seen in the table above:
The Syrian General Congress, founded after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, was
Full of nationalist feelings. Congress opposed the intervention of foreign countries
In Arab affairs. Although the League of Nations approved the system of mandates,
One of whose goals was to give legitimacy to new Arab states -
Syria and Mesopotamia - the Syrian General Congress in Damascus adopted a declaration
Unilateral independence 60 under the leadership of Feisal, who was called King of Syria, which included
The territories of Syria, Lebanon and Palestine (and Transjordan in general)
Syrian independence by Congress purported to end the military occupation
Of Syria and even rejected the Jewish national home project in Palestine.
This decision was also considered illegal by Britain and by France,
Whose military efforts during the First World War liberated them
The Arab countries from the Ottoman regime, with the assistance provided by me
The Arabs were minimal. The Allied powers even rejected the San Peace Conference
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
Remo the decision of the Syrian General Congress. The French were particularly angry at the
The decision of the Congress, which opposed the mandate they had received on Syria, and initiated action
Under the command of General Guru, which led to the deportation of Faisal and his exile
Temporary UK.
Abdullah, brother of Faisal and Amir Hijaz, recruited a small army of 7,000
And decided to march north from Mecca to fight the French
In Syria and to avenge the expulsion of the Hashemite family. The French as well
The British were well aware that Abdullah's march was nothing more than a gesture
But Churchill, the secretary of the colonies, decided to appease
The Hashemite family, and allowed Abdullah to continue his journey northward. Inside
A few months later Abdullah arrived in Amman (March 0270) after taking over
In fact the entire area between the Dead Sea and the Jordan Valley and the railroad tracks
Hijaz between a state and Damascus.
The eastern boundary of this area appears in red in the map above,
But also included the WAC area. This line marked the eastern boundary of Eretz-
Mandatory Palestine, as proposed by Chaim Weizmann at the peace conference that convened
In Paris in 2020, and in accordance with private agreements with the British authorities.
However, at the Cairo Conference organized by Churchill on 02 March 2012, the British claimed
That the words "civil and religious rights" contained in the Balfour Declaration justify
The separation of "East Palestine" (ZA), the Land of Israel east of the river
(Jordan) from the Jewish National Home located in "Western Palestine"
Misrepresentation of "civil and religious rights") that was never directed at "rights
Collective political ") was later omitted and replaced by another lame justification
Which was based on a commitment from McMahon 60 dated October 17, 2010;
Reliance on the phrase "in the Land of Israel" that appears in the Balfour Declaration; And (c)
"Existing local conditions" in Transjordan, a phrase inserted into the section
71 of the Mandate without being precisely defined.
At this point Faisal returned from England and won the territory of Mesopotamia, where he was crowned
As the "king of Iraq."
Prime Minister Lloyd George was not enthusiastic about the idea that the family
(Abdallah in Transjordan and Feisal in Mesopotamia) will rule the territory
Which borders on the French mandate over Syria. Another conference was convened days later
A few in Jerusalem, where Abdullah promised not to attack the French
In Syria in exchange for the establishment of the "Transjordan" district within the framework of the British Mandate
Land of Israel.
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
It can be argued that if the British had acted harshly against Abdullah as they did
The French toward Faisal, the present situation in the Middle East, which was different
completely. However, the activities of Britain in 0270 should be seen in light
The previous agreements made with the Hashemite Arabs by AT Lawrence 67
(Lawrence of Arabia) and Sir Henry McMahon.
During the two years of the San Remo Peace Conference for the approval of the Mandate
On the Land of Israel, there were three different factors - developments
Political, Arab nationalism, and the policy of British reconciliation
Which came to protect their strategic interests in the East
Middle East - to erode internationally recognized rights
The Jewish people in the Land of Israel. However, the rights of the Jews
"Western Palestine" was not trampled. Not yet …
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
From a purely legal point of view, there is no doubt that the policy
British conflict in the Middle East during the decisive years 0270-0277 violated
Often signed agreements:
The San Remo 50 decision did not include an exact indication of the borders of Palestine, however
It was understood that she was the founder of "the national home for the Jewish people in the expansive area
North to south from Dan to Beersheba, as Lloyd George and others emphasized
Again and again, and from west to east on both banks of the Jordan River.
The Sever 31 Convention was adopted in August 2010 and was considered the most crucial document
Regulating the status of the territories of the former Ottoman Empire in the east
Middle School. Article 21 of this Convention clearly defines the objectives of the Mandate
Eretz Israel: The establishment of a Jewish national home. This section was specifically designated for Eretz-
Israel, unlike the other two seats (Syria and Mesopotamia)
Which were discussed separately. The fact that the Sevres Treaty was not ratified and replaced later
More by word of mouth does not change the intent of the international community
In the period between 0270 and 0277 regarding Eretz Israel.
The French-British Treaty of 63, whose function was to mark the
The boundaries between the British mandate and the French mandate do not imply a state
Arab state that is about to be established in the eastern part of the Land of Israel.
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
Several drafts of the Mandate were exchanged between the British and the Zionists from 1920
Until the end of 0270. The draft of the last Mandate was not foreseen by Eretz-
Israel is limited in the western part of the Jordan River with a separate "Arab district".
However, during a debate at the lower house of the British Parliament in June 0270, he ruled
Churchill, that British policy should focus on "appeasement and friendship toward me as well
The Turks and the Arabs. "Later, Churchill revised the draft of the British Mandate
December 0270, so that it would include a clause enabling the partition of the Land of Israel, and demanded
That the mass Jewish settlement in the area to the east would be "prevented or delayed"
To the Jordan River, without setting a timeframe for the delay. This provision of the Mandate
Became the official British policy when Churchill published the book
The White bear his name in June 0177, and Article 71 was put into the final version of
Mandate for Palestine, as approved by the Hever Council a month later
The nationalities. The justification given for these measures was "local conditions
Existing ", which have never been detailed or explained, in practice, the motive for the measures
They were aimed at appeasing the Arabs (for strategic purposes) and preventing them
Arab reprisals against the French, which might have jeopardized France-
UK.
After the approval of the Mandate for Palestine in July, the British established it
"Provisional Administration in Transjordan". It is strange that this decision was approved by the Council
The League of Nations, even though it violated the spirit of the Mandate, as set forth in Article 7
In 1972, the British-Transjordan Agreement granted 61 legislative powers
To Abdullah in Transjordan, and thus proceeded towards the establishment of an Arab state
New independent. This was eventually born in May 0216, under sovereignty
Hashemite, after the British expanded the area under the authority of
Abdullah in the east by adding 60,000 square kilometers to the border with Iraq.
These British resolutions - adopted between April 0270, when a decision was made
San deceived Britain to serve as a Mandatory power in Palestine, and July
0277, when the Mandate for Palestine was approved by the Council of the League of Nations -
· An important legal question: was Britain authorized to transfer
To a third party (Abdallah) the powers it received from the Allied powers
The beginning of the First World War, the powers of a mandatory power,
Of the faithful and of the guide of the Land of Israel in order to establish the house there
Jewish National Authority - powers that were later approved by a proposed member
The nationalities? Was the League of Nations itself empowered to accept the transfer of powers
This British?
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
The Mandate for Palestine was approved in London on July 17, Later
Was also approved by the 17 member states of the League of Nations and entered
. Effective in 0279
The introduction establishes the spirit of the Mandate and emphasizes the uniqueness of this mandate, in contrast
To the other mandates that were decided upon in the Middle East and other regions
of the world. While the Mandate for Palestine was considered a mandate of type A, as
Set forth in Article 77 of the League of Nations Basic Law 10, was in fact
Unique in that its national advantage was Jews of the world) then about 10 million
Soul), and not the local inhabitants.The Mandate explicitly states its purpose:
The re-establishment of the National Home of the Jewish People, based on
The historical connection of the Jews to the Land of Israel ("Palestine").
As in any treaty, resolution, treaty or international agreement, the introductory clauses are
Usually statements. But in the case of the Mandate for Palestine, Article 7
Makes the entire introduction into an operative part. Therefore, the 72 articles of the writing
The mandate should be interpreted in light of the basic statements in the introduction. On the following pages only
Several selected clauses will be discussed.
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
Articles 1 and 6 are most relevant to the current political situation in what is called
"The Palestinian Territories".
Article 1 shapes the Land of Israel as a national area that can not be divided
Which was exclusively allocated to the Jewish people (similar to the one in the introduction)
Authorization of the Mandate in London On July 71, 0277, the British had already cut off the past-
Jordan from Palestine and temporarily turned it into an "eastern province" with a separate administration.
This step will be initiated in the year 0270, approved in Churchill's White Paper in June
0277, and was incorporated into section 71, which was inserted into the draft Mandate. Disconnect
Administrative and temporal order by the British was contrary to the spirit of San's decision
10 of the French-British Charter, 12 and the draft of the Mandate
From December 0270 which was accepted both by the Zionists and by the British.
In this context, we can see the separate legal status granted to Transjordan
A violation of the British commitment to redesigning the Jewish national home
Throughout the Land of Israel.
However, Article 1 leaves no room for doubt regarding the rest of the Land of Israel,
That is, the area west of the Jordan River
Israel to relinquish any part of Judea and Samaria (so-called jargon)
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
Media "West Bank" (within the framework of each of the "peace plans"
Considered at this time clearly constitutes an infringement of the rights of the Jewish people.
This finding is reinforced by the fact that 20% of the historical heritage of the city
The Jewish people are in this area. Giving up such a vital space would have left
Israel has little justification, for historical and cultural reasons, to continue
The validity of its recognized rights over the rest of the territory. Strategic threats
Who were Christians with such a retreat would also endanger the security of the Jews
State.
Article 6 deals with Jewish settlement in the Land of Israel. Since the basic purpose
Of the Mandate was to establish a "Jewish National Home" in Eretz Israel, and since there is none
The possibility of realizing this intention without a large Jewish population is self-evident
That the mandatory power (Britain) "will facilitate Jewish immigration ... and encourage
A dense settlement of Jews in Palestine. "However, Britain failed completely
In its position on its obligations. As established in Article 71 of the Mandate,
Massive and organized Jewish settlement was temporarily delayed in Transjordan and rejection
This continues to this day. Moreover, between 0277 and 0292, came a series
Of British "white books" and a systematic reduction of Jewish immigration,
Especially to please the Arabs - but in vain. Despite these limitations, there are
Praising the British for allowing the immigration of about four hundred
A thousand Jews during the first twenty years of the Mandate. Although
It should be noted that the severe restrictions imposed by the British, in particular
In the crucial years of Nazi rule in Germany, the country was almost defeated
Which constituted a clear neglect of their obligation as a mandatory power.
Article 6 also touches on the turmoil of these days against the "Jewish settlements
In the West Bank, "which many call" illegal. "
The following will clarify the main aspects of this topic:
The very use of the word "settlement" in the mouths of its enemies and the invaders of
The State of Israel, to describe the Jewish communities established in Judea
And Samaria - he himself wants to slander. It is not only hinted at
That the Jews are "foreign settlers" are - thus disregarding the unnecessary 760
Arab villages built in the area since 0262) compared to only 010
Which were built by the Jews.) It should be remembered that Yasser Arafat himself was born
In Egypt, many of his "Palestinian brothers" are in the region. nickname
The new Jewish communities are only an obstacle to peace
A completely biased approach.
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
7. The main opposition of pro-Palestinian and anti-Israel circles
Is based on an erroneous interpretation of Article 11 of the Fourth Geneva Convention
Which states that an occupying military power "shall not transfer [force]
Of its population to the occupied territory. "Even the International Court of Justice
Justice, in the advisory opinion he produced in July 2007 against the construction of the "fence"
Referred to this Geneva Convention and expressed its opinion that "the settlements
Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territory (including East Jerusalem) were established
In violation of international law. "
Nothing is further from the truth:
(A) There is much room to doubt whether the Geneva Convention can be applied here at all
The fourth, since those "Jewish settlements" are not located in "territory
Occupied. "This was first noticed by Professor Eugene Rostov, a jurist
Known in the field of international law and who served in the past as a secretary
The State of the United States for Foreign Affairs: "How this Convention can be applied to
Jews who already have a legal right protected by Article 22 of
The UN Charter to live in the West Bank, East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip
Gaza, has never been explained. "In Rostov's eyes, the Jewish right to settle
In any area of what was formerly Mandate Palestine "is not given
Legal appeal "
(B) the concept of "occupation" that is marketed in the false narrative of Arabs
The Land of Israel is the shaky foundation on which all deviations are based
The Israeliness claimed by international law, and the reason they are concerned about preserving
The concept of "occupation" is alive and breathing for granted: the legitimacy of
The entire State of Israel is undermined, because there is no distinction between
. The territories liberated by Israel during the wars of 0212 and 0262
The legitimacy of Israel's rule over the entire land is derived exclusively
Of international law.
(C) Israel has never "forcibly transferred" an act that is prohibited under section 12
From the Fourth Geneva Convention (Jews to the liberated territories)
. Of the foreign occupation in the self-defense war of 0262
(D) The Fourth Geneva Convention binds the parties, in this case, Jordan
And the Palestinian entity (which is not a state), but Jordan has never existed
And legally waived sovereignty over the West Bank
. Its claimed sovereignty is already in 2022
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
It is instructive to compare the demand of the Arabs of Palestine to dismantle each settlement
Jewish - a demand for "ethnic cleansing" - with the reality in which its population
Arab state of Israel, which constitutes about 70 percent of the population
The state enjoys full equality of rights.
And (f) the absurdity of the world choir's claim that the settlements constitute
"An obstacle to peace" can be compared only with the thoughtless repetition
Which characterizes its performance. For the twenty years preceding the construction
The first Jewish "settlement" in the liberated territories was not peaceful,
Arab violence against Jews and Israel filled headlines every day
The newspapers.
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
As early as 2020 - about a year before the Peace Conference in San Remo - they began
Drafting the draft of the Mandate submitted to the British authorities.
The draft of December 0270 was finally accepted by the British Cabinet
And submitted to the League of Nations for approval. There were twenty-seven
And its final approval was rejected by a number of external factors, including:
Italy's opposition to the rights claimed in South Anatolia
And the fact that the Sever 92 treaty was not ratified; Negotiations around the determination
The borders of the Land of Israel; The advance of the Emir Abdullah
And his fighters in order to avenge the dismissal of his brother Feisal by the French; In particular,
The repeated demand of the American administration to examine every draft before me
Providing his consent.
To stop Abdullah's armed display, a play that did not arrive
To the level of a real intention to attack the French, and to appease the complaints of the Arabs
And the manifestations of violence by Arabs in Palestine, Churchill published a book
White "in June 2010. That was how the British embarked on a policy that was steadily eroding
The territorial and other rights of the Jewish people in the Land of Israel
During the Mandate period.
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
When the Mandate for Palestine was finally approved in London in July
(And later approved by the League of Nations as a whole), the British were already enough
To introduce another clause in the Mandate is Article 71, which has become official
The actual separation of Transjordan and the prevention of any mass Jewish settlement
And organized east of the Jordan River.
Preventing the Jews from entering the so-called "Eastern Land of Israel"
) And later became known as "Transjordan" and finally "Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan"
Was supposed to be temporary, but it remains in force to this day.
Many observers see this first "partition" of the Land of Israel
A violation of the obligations of Britain, the Mandatory Power, as understood
San Remo as well as a violation of the French-British Treaty.
However, the map of the Land of Israel / Transjordan shown above is the source of protection
Repeatedly incorrect: It is often said that the whole area in the exhibit
This map, which is about 070,000 square kilometers, was supposed to be designated for the house
Jewish nationalism as they believed in San Remo. It is true that part of Transjordan -
Which extends north-south along the eastern bank of the Jordan River from a river
Yarmuk) to the east of the Sea of Galilee (up to the Gulf of Aqaba, width of between 70 and 10
Km to the Hejaz railway and even beyond it - should be smooth
From the Jewish National Home for the following reasons:
This area is included in the map presented by the Zionists at the Peace Conference
In Paris, and this suit was considered reasonable by Emir Feisal, the president
Wilson and other Allied representatives;
In San Remo, and during the subsequent period when drafting the Mandate,
The area designated for "Palestine" - Palestine - was supposed to reflect the
The historical connection of the Jewish people to the land, which extended eastwards as well
To the Jordan River;
The French-British Treaty also recognized this part of the Charter
Transjordan as part of Mandatory Palestine, which is then its meaning
The Jewish National Home.
However, there is no reasonable Jewish argument for sovereignty over the entire territory of Transjordan
As extended to the east by the British in 0271 to the north-
Western Iraq. In order to stem the hostility of the Saudi fighters who have just arrived
Appeared; Provide a safe air corridor between Baghdad and the Mediterranean; And to prevent difficulties
As a result of a possible request for a separate mandate for Transjordan
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(ACLMJ) Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
The British expanded the western part of Iraq and the past,
The Jordan River to the East, thus separating Syria from what was to become Arab
Saudi Arabia, while keeping the entire territory under one British mandate.
These steps can not be interpreted as harming the Jewish national home, though
That the British had maintained the combined entity of Palestine / Palestine and Trans-
Jordan under the same mandate until 0216, when Transjordan was transformed
The Hashemite Kingdom is independent. The historical connection - which is the mainstay
Which is vital to Jewish legal rights to the region - never arrived
To the western borders of Mesopotamia, about 910 kilometers to the east
To the Jordan River.
However, the legal opinion of attorney Howard Griff is fundamentally different at this point.
He states:
"Mandatory Palestine whose territory was composed of the area west of the Jordan River
And from the area east of the Jordan as determined in the end was created with one goal
Only: to establish in it the Jewish national home and, in the future, a Jewish state
Independent, as envisioned in the San Remo Resolution, which incorporated the Balfour Declaration
And carried out the provisions of Article 77 of the Basic Covenant of a Member
The nationalities, for the sake of the Jewish people. No part of the land of Palestine was established
In that decision in order to establish an Arab state in it, not in the West Bank
Of the Jordan River and not on its eastern bank, and the mandatory power that administered the Jordan River
The Land of Israel and held it, not as the sovereign of the land, but only as a trustee of the land
The Jewish people - was not legally authorized to establish such an Arab state, no
Subject to the San Remo Resolution and not subject to the Charter of the League of Nations,
Nor subject to Article 71 of the Mandate itself. In addition, she was not qualified
To hand over any "territory of Palestine" - subject to Article 1 of the Mandate, provision
Which has always applied to Transjordan, which was never subject to the mandate
broke off. Therefore, the entire territory of Palestine - including Transjordan in its entirety -
Was an undisputed part of the Jewish national home subject to trial
Even after certain Zionist provisions of the Mandate for Eretz-
Israel was temporarily suspended - but never eliminated; As a result, acted
The British illegally when they permanently cut off Transjordan
From the area designated to serve as the national home of the Jewish people, a step which has diminished
Its area at 22 percent, more than three-quarters of the area determined. As he pointed out
One author, the British carried out a "huge robbery of the Jewish homeland" (William B.)
Zif, The Rape of Palestine, p. 200.) This is a robbery
To a fait accompli, partly thanks to the leniency and complicity of the conspiracy
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The American administration, which, as a party to the Mandate for Palestine and as a guarantor of its orders,
Had to have a clear legal obligation to intervene and partly because of distress and feeling
The helplessness of the Jews, feelings that prevailed at that time. "
The question of Transjordan over its complexity will certainly be discussed by jurists
Scholars, but their discussions are beyond the scope of this book
Article 72 prohibits any change in the provisions of the Mandate without the consent of the Hever Council
Nationalities. "The last change in the Mandate was the introduction of Article 71, which was discussed
above. No other legal change has ever been approved by the member or me
His legal successor, the United Nations - the United Nations
The exclusive nationality of the Jewish people to the Land of Israel as described
In the preamble to the Mandate and approved in Article 7 of that document are valid to the very essence
This day.
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The League of Nations ceased to exist in April 2291, after the organization was established
The United Nations (United Nations) in San Francisco
The successor to the League of Nations and many articles in the UN Charter are evidence
so.
With respect to the Land of Israel, by perpetuating the rights of "every nation", it fulfills a clause
88 of the UN Charter specifically the rights granted to them by the Jewish people subject
To the Mandate. It should be noted that when the partition resolution was passed
UN November 23, 2292, Resolution 212, the Mandate was still in full force.
Therefore, the recommendation arising from Resolution 212 contradicts the UN Charter in this regard
That it sought to radically influence the territorial rights of the people
The Jew won them in Mandate Palestine.
The word "people" included in Article 11 of the UN Charter was largely due
From the intervention of the Jewish Agency in the preparatory conferences held in San
Francisco in the spring. This term clearly meant for the Jewish people. Since then he has learned
Article 11 as "the section of Palestine."
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The mandate of the Land of Israel expired with the declaration of the State of Israel in 29
May 2291, but the acquired rights of the beneficiary (the Jewish people) are not
Can be revoked upon the departure of the Mandatory and the Trustee
(Britain) At the end of the Mandate and the declaration of the State of Israel, section 88 is not relevant
More about the possibility of its operation in order to impose the loyalty system (Chapter 12)
Of the UN Charter) on any part of what had previously been Palestine
The Mandatory. It maintains relevance by preventing any action on the part
The United Nations to change the rights and sovereignty of the Jewish people on every part of the
. Palestine / Palestine, rights reserved under Article 11
Although the Mandate itself is not really a convention, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Art,
Which was adopted in 2212, states that "legal rights are acquired"
The sellers in international law remain in effect even after the expiration of
convention. This law applies to the legal rights of the Jewish people, as formulated
In a number of documents since the San Remo Peace Conference in 2211. These rights are included
Even in the Treaty of Sevre, and had not expired despite the fact that the Sever Covenant had never been
Approved.
There are observers who erroneously rely on the Vienna Convention as they claim
That the Arabs had won legal rights in the "West Bank." "West Bank"
Is defined by the "Green Line" drawn in 2292 as the armistice line that ended
The military hostilities in the War of Independence. No truce agreement
Weapons can not be considered a treaty, especially when one considers
The fact that the Arabs themselves have always opposed the adoption of the "Green Line" as a boundary
official.
Last and last, an important historical precedent demonstrates the continuing rights of the
Peoples after the expiration of a mandate issued in their favor. South West Africa
Was a German colony before the First World War. After a defeat
Germany, the League of Nations approved the establishment of a mandate to manage the southwest
Africa, and held the Union of South Africa) today, the Republic of
South Africa) as a mandatory power at the end of World War II
South Africa has even refused to consider giving independence to South West Africa,
And sought to annex South West Africa as another province.
After several UN interventions and court decisions
Which condemned South Africa's presence in the southwest
Africa, published a court in 2222 his last advisory opinion, a step
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Which led to the independence of South West Africa, known since 2221
Like Namibia.
The analogy between Namibia and Palestine can be seen from the following table:
Area
mandatory
The sovereign before me
Mandate
The superpower
The Mandatory
State
The Independent
The new
) Land of Israel
Turkey
UK
Israel)
South-West
Africa
) Germany
South Africa
Namibia)
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This summary highlights the central provisions of the Mandate
As described in previous pages
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Since the United States did not join the League of Nations, it sought to secure
Rights and rights of its citizens in Mandatory Palestine by signing
Agreement with Britain. This agreement, signed in December 2007, recognized the United States
In the British administration in Palestine in return for receiving these rights.
Two years earlier, had been unanimously adopted by the two Houses of Congress
A decision known as the Fish-Lodge decision, signed by the president
Harding. This decision supported "the establishment of a national home for the people of Palestine
Jewish "and is part of American law to this day
To argue that the signing of the Anglo-American Convention of December 26,
Which included the full text of the Mandate, required the American administration
To respect the provisions of the Mandate in international law, which is so special
. Which the Senate approved and which President Collidge declared in 1727
Article 7 of the Convention grants the United States "all the rights" set forth in the Mandate,
Especially the right to join the Allies in the Council of the League of Nations
As an accompanying power, giving the US the right to agree to the changes that will be made
In the Mandate or to oppose them, taking into account that under Article 72 of the Mandate
They need unanimous agreement.
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The Anglo-American Treaty - a treaty between the United States and a state
Sovereign, the United Kingdom of Great Britain - is considered "the law
Supreme State, "in accordance with Article 6 of the United States Constitution
In view of all this, the possible implications of the Convention are worthy of note:
During the British Mandate period, Britain published three white books that were cut down
To a great extent, the rights of the Jewish people in Palestine as they came
Expressed in the Mandate. McDonald's White Paper, 22 published on the eve of the outbreak
World War II was the most severe of all, not only forcing a reduction
On Jewish immigration at a decisive moment in the history of the Jewish people
That he actually negated the very intention of the Mandate by abandoning the idea
Of the "Jewish National Home in Eretz Israel". Even though the Mandates Committee
Which was to oversee the League of Nations on its steps
Of the United Kingdom, the mandatory power, had seen in the MacDonald White Paper
A violation of the mandate, and President Roosevelt expressed his "sorrow
Deep in the decisions of the British government regarding the policy of Palestine
Israeli, "the US administration refrained from responding.
The Convention, together with the Mandate, expired on the day of the declaration of the State of Israel
May 0212. However, the national rights of the Jewish people in Palestine,
Which have been explicitly recognized in both documents, remain valid for this day,
As clearly stated in Article 20 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Art, 21 Convention
Adopted in 0262. In this context, decisions recently made by
The American administration vis-à-vis Israel and the Arabs of Palestine are seen as non-
Legality, especially the goal - the establishment of a "Palestinian state") as proposed by the "
By President Bush in 2007 (in the area defined by the mandate, his current policy
Of President Obama, which focuses on the [Jewish]
In the West Bank. "
However, the legal aspects and scope of the Anglo-American Treaty
They are complex, and many experts disagree on the question of commitment
The United States towards the Mandate, as described above
Britain was only committed to protecting American interests
In the Land of Israel - and thus it is a position. However, the United States is prevented
From the denial of the acquired Jewish legal rights
To all the Land of Israel arising from the Mandate. Perhaps, it will be possible to return
Of the Anglo-American treaty in the near future.
part 2
Palestine during the British Mandate
הי The Hickrift Commission
צ'ר Churchill White Paper
ועדת The Shaw Commission and the Hop-Simpson Report
פ The White Paper of Passfield
▪ Peel Commission - Woodhead Commission
של McDonald's White Paper
העלייה Jewish immigration
החלטת UN Partition Resolution: Resolution No. 080
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The first Arab riots, initiated by the Mufti, began in Jaffa for weeks
A few before the San Remo Peace Conference. It turned out that the British did not want to or not
Could protect the Jewish population. As a result, Ze'ev Jabotinsky founded
The "Haganah" organization in 0270, a small self-defense organization that developed over time
And became the Israel Defense Forces of today.
The Hickraft 20 Commission found that the Arabs were the attacking side and that they were responsible
To the majority of casualties. In the echoing way to this day, the Arabs spread
False information about Arabs murdered by Jews in Jaffa, "information" that ignited
The violence without any factual verification. The main goal of the Arabs
Was to thwart any Jewish immigration to Eretz Israel, and to do so in any way
That is.
The British tried to get their hands on the mufti, but he managed to escape
Transjordan. Soon the man was bowed by the British and returned to his position
Political and religious.
Despite the unequivocal findings of the Hickraft Commission, the British acted
Appease the Arabs and exploit the riots in Jaffa to limit immigration
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Jewish conflict. The excuse that served them repeatedly was their concern for "ability
Economic absorption. "This concept was completely divorced from all
Reality and often even contradicted the facts. Through their efforts
To train land and develop infrastructures, the Zionists greatly increased their ability
Absorption "of the country, but nothing succeeded in changing the interests
The British strategists in the neighboring Arab countries - and these were the
Their supreme goal throughout the Mandate period.
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27 published a month before the Mandate was approved), Churchill's White Paper (0277)
About Palestine in London, is a landmark in British policy in that it is
Represents the first deviation from the original meaning of the Balfour Declaration
(Despite British denials) and the Mandate for the Land of Israel, which has not yet been confirmed.
This white book was formulated by the High Commissioner for Palestine in 2020, Sir
Herbert Samuel, who declared himself a Zionist-sympathetic Jew.
Despite its promises regarding the legitimacy of the Balfour Declaration,
The San Remo Resolution and the Sever 29 Convention), which was still in force and pending
(Despite the Jewish rights in the Land of Israel, which were clearly stated,
"That such an international promise must be guaranteed ... and that they be officially recognized
Based on an ancient historical connection, "and despite the approval given for development
The most prominent Zionist of "national character lines" in Eretz Israel, the White Paper of the
Churchill continued with the practical division of Palestine by appointing Abdullah
- Amir Hijaz - as the manager of the area east of the Jordan River and the removal of
This area is part of the mass Jewish settlement as determined in Article 6
Of the Mandate.
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The removal of Transjordan from the Jewish National Home was incorporated into Article 71 of the Mandate
. Palestine, as approved by the Council of the League of Nations in July 2007
Despite Sir Alec Kirkbride's statement above) regarding the need
To provide East Palestine with lands sufficient to absorb settlement
Arabic), it turned out that the separation is permanent, without any "resettlement" as
As it says. At first, the eastern Palestine as well
(Exclusive) and Western (with a Jewish minority) were subject to that mandate.
However, the term "East Palestine" was later replaced by "
Jordan, "and in the year 0271 was added an area of sixty thousand square kilometers, to the border
Mesopotamia, to prevent access from Syria (subject to a French mandate)
The Arabian Peninsula. 21
Most of all, the White Paper suggested that British policy had not been foreseen
A separate Jewish state in the Land of Israel, but only "a center in which the Jewish people
He will be able to find interest and pride on an ethnic and religious basis. "
The term "economic absorptive capacity" to limit further according to will
The British Jewish immigration.
Nevertheless, many Zionists and Chaim Weizmann accepted the White Paper
Churchill with mixed feelings of joy mixed with dissatisfaction. James
De Rothschild, a British member of the first Zionist committee for Palestine,
Preferred to separate Abdullah's district from the rest of Palestine as a guarantee
For the continued existence of the Jewish national home. Sir Martin Gilbert, 21 The Expert
Known as Churchill, attributes to the White Paper the construction of the power of the house
The Jewish National and the Balfour Declaration and the Mandate
"In their entirety".
Although Churchill saw himself as an "ardent Zionist," his White Paper - in contrast
To his expectations - did not calm the Arabs and their opposition to the Zionist enterprise in Palestine -
Israel. Other prominent Jewish Zionists, such as Justice Louis Brandeis, see
The White Book violates the spirit of the Mandate, which has not yet been approved. This view
It is also the case of Howard Griff, 19 who sees Churchill's White Paper as a sign
Is significant for the dying of the Mandate for the Land of Israel "and a source" for interpretation
The falsehood regarding the exact meaning to be attributed to the Jewish national home
And to establish the obligations and responsibilities of Britain under the mandate "- as
These questions were applied by all the British governments that followed
The White Books of Passfield and McDonald 's.
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Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
Violent Arab riots broke out again in 0272, in which more than 100 were killed
Jews - especially in Hebron. Many Jews fled the communities under attack.
A four-member commission of inquiry headed by Sir Walter Shaw
. Submitted its report in March 0290
As in the previous case of the Hickraft Commission (0270), Shaw also ruled that responsibility was the responsibility
Lies squarely on the "racist hostility" of the Arabs toward the Jews. hall,
Shaw found a "root cause" in the Arabs' disappointment with their leaders
Political issues; In the absence of an economic future for the Arab community; As well as the feeling that the "
Slowly the Zionists "who have sources of funding from abroad" are taking over the additional Arabs
For this, Shaw pointed to the alleged inconsistency in British statements
Which were referred to both Arabs and Jews, and even renewed the concept of "
A "double commitment" of equal weight both to the Arabs and to me
The Jews - a concept that deviates from the provisions of the Mandate
Explicitly states political and national rights solely for the Jewish people.
As a result, the British government summoned the Hop-
Simpson 22 assess the "economic absorptive capacity" of the country. Report
Hop-Simpson on "Rise, Settlement and Land Development", published in August
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0290, concluded that there was not enough land in Palestine and recommended that it stop
Temporary Jewish immigration, on the grounds that the employment policy of the institutions
The main Jews are responsible for the poverty of the Arabs (see "
The suspension of Jewish immigration was supposed to continue until it was developed
The Land of Israel until the Arabs could adopt new agricultural methods.
The conclusions of the Hop-Simson report were highly criticized, both for contradictions
The obvious internalities of it and from British and Arab elements:
(A) The report admitted that there had been massive illegal Arab immigration to Palestine,
Israel from the surrounding areas and visited the British government on
Who ignored this problem, which, of course, reduced the possibilities
Economic impact of the local Arab population, and negatively affected
The chances of new Jewish immigrants.
(B) The report also mentioned that the Jews "paid exorbitant prices in exchange for
And in addition they paid some of the owners of these lands sums
Substantial money which by law were not obliged to pay. "
C) The British governor of Sinai 22 between 0277 and 0296 confirmed that there were results
Catastrophe for Unregulated Arab Immigration into Palestine:
"This illegal immigration continued not only from Sinai but also from Transjordan
And Syria, and it is very difficult to prevent the poverty of the Arabs if at the same time
And at the same time it was impossible to block the entry of other Arabs
From neighboring countries to participate in this poverty "on the eve of the outbreak of war
In the second world, Vinson Churchill emphasized that "not only were they not persecuted, but
That masses of Arabs entered and multiplied in it. "
(D) The Syrian governor, Tawfiq Bay al-Hourani, acknowledged that for months
In 1920 some 90,000 Syrians entered Palestine. If a lesson
The annual natural abundance was 1.1%, this wave of immigration explains all today
The population of Nablus, the largest Arab city in Samaria.
For years Abdullah, the king of Transjordan, wrote in his memoirs:
"It is clear to everyone, even according to the map prepared by the Simpson Committee and also according to a map
Otherwise the Peel Commission sketched out that the Arabs were good at selling their land
Just as they excel in crying and pointless complaints. "
And (f) the large measure of Arab immigration, which is largely illegal
And the British reluctance to contain it was known to the entire world. In 0292 city
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American President Roosevelt, who since that time has been Arab immigration
"Far exceeded all Jewish immigration during this period."
Despite all this, the British continued to advance their anti-Zionist policy immediately
After the publication of the Hop-Simpson report, and further restricted Jewish immigration
When the White Paper of Passfield was published.
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The White Paper of Passfield 20 was a major change in British policy
In the land of Israel. For the first time, an official document adopted an anti-Zionist and pro-
Decisive Arab, relying on the distorted findings of the Hop-
Simpson.
The Fasfield White Paper recommended not only reducing further immigration
Of Jews, but also to restrict severe restrictions on Jewish ownership
The land, with the dubious basis for this recommendation being the shortage of land
Agricultural land in Palestine, and this - despite the considerable efforts - and the sellers -
Of the Zionists to expand the area of agricultural land and its output.
Politically, the White Paper of "Passfield" reaffirmed the book
The previous white, Churchill's, from the year 0277: he reduced the importance of
"The Jewish National Home" - which for the Zionists was central and constituted the
The essence of the Mandate for Palestine - and emphasized only the "character
Cultural "heritage of the existing Jewish communities, and this white book also spoke in favor
The equal obligations of the British towards the Arabs and Jews in Palestine,
Israel, especially when it comes to land allocation, ignoring their letter
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And from the spirit of the various binding documents of international law since then
The Balfour Declaration.
The Zionists expressed their unequivocal opposition to the White Paper of Passfield.
British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald tried to calm the worries
Through a personal letter he sent to Chaim Weizmann, in which he repeated
The British adherence to the mandate "to allow Jewish immigration and to encourage
A dense settlement of Jews on the ground "(Article 6 of the Mandate), however
Refrains from reversing the false concept of the "dual commitment" that will be implemented
Equal to both Arabs and Jews - a perception that was foreign
To the Mandate, and he also referred to the "economic absorption capacity" of the letter
The country, a code that actually meant the continued reduction of Jewish immigration.
The Zionists innocently believed Prime Minister MacDonald's promises.
The next decade showed that they were misled. On the other hand, the Arabs were satisfied with the restrictions
Imposed by the White Paper of Passfield. They may have been interpreted as green
Other violent riots against the Jews of Palestine, riots that came
. Culminating in what became known as the "Arab Revolt" 20 of 0296-0292
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The Peel Commission released the most comprehensive report following the events
. Called "The Arab Revolt," in 0296
The Peel Commission report opens with a summary of the "problem" and a brief historical review since then
0201. An interesting aspect is the recognition that "if the attempt to establish a national home is successful
A Jew will come to Israel and ask a sufficient number of Jews, the national home is made
To evolve over time into a Jewish state. "It is important to remember this today, because
That many today oppose the true meaning of the expression "a national home
Jewish".
Among the many reasons for the "Arab revolt," the Phil report brings two that have been sparked since then
0270 The violent Arab riots:
(0) the Arabs' desire for national independence; (7) their hatred for the establishment of a "
The Jewish national home and their fears of it. "
The report then analyzes the terms that should be cited extensively
The situation then prevailed:
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"The Jewish national home is no longer an experiment, the growth of its population
Was achieved by political, social and economic developments along the lines
Set at the beginning of the process. The main innovation is development
Municipal and industrial. The contrast between modern democratic character
Especially the European national home and the character of the Arab world
The surrounding area is conspicuous. The mood of the [Jewish]
Nationalistic and strong. There is no question of a merger or of a mismatch between
Jewish and Arab culture. The National Home can not be
Semi-national ... the contrast between the Jewish and Arab educational systems
Particularly prominent at their peak. Jews have a high level university.
The Arabs do not have such a thing ... "(emphasis added).
As for the Arab immigration into the Land of Israel and the vacant lands, a report
The Peel Commission puts it right - in a matter that is distorted to the point
This day. The report states: "The shortage of land stems not necessarily from their acquisition
But by the growth of the Arab population. The Arab claims
As if the Jews had achieved too much of the fertile land, they could not be justified.
Large parts of the land that today grow orchards were dunes
Sand or swamps and rocky ground before being purchased "(emphasis added).
For the first time, the Peel Commission rejects the comprehensive British principle of "absorptive capacity
Economic "and states that it is" insufficient ", on the other hand, it has set a ceiling
For the Jewish immigration to Israel for the next five years, though
Which recognized that every ceiling would be considered too high by the Arabs)
The Peel Commission had about 100,000 Jews in Israel.
The report also notes that the situation of the Arabs has greatly improved since 0270, thanks to
Jewish capital, social services, and technological progress
The Zionists. However, increased Arab and Jewish nationalism "is insufficient
Hope for compromise, "and Britain's condition should not be envied" if the mandate is established
Current. "
In formulating its conclusions, the report recognizes that it can only offer "drugs
Pain relievers "because" the roots of the disease are so deep that the committee is convinced
That the only hope for the drug is in surgical surgery. "
Phil, it is impossible to reconcile with each other Britain's obligations towards me
Jews and Arabs, and the only solution is to end the mandate and divide
Land of Israel.
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Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
The partition boundaries proposed were distorted: the Jews would have only the Galilee
And a narrow strip of beach to the city of Ashdod today). The blue area on the map
(Above), the Arabs will have a contiguous area that will include the entire Negev, the Strip
Gaza and Judea and Samaria. A corridor that will last from Jaffa through the airport
And Jerusalem to Bethlehem will be under British control in order to preserve the places
The saints, a concern that in the eyes of the British (misconception) is to be respected
The "sacred trust of civilization" mentioned in Article 77 of the Covenant
Of the League of Nations. This proposal would drastically reduce the area
The Land of Israel, which was conceived by the participants at the San Remo Conference, reduced it
To at least 25 percent of the area left after the separation of Transjordan from the rest
. Palestine when the Mandate was approved in 0277
The report added insult to injury and suggested that "the Jewish state pay compensation
To the Arab state when the partition is made "in return" for their new right
Sovereignty over Jewish territory. "From this we can see clearly how distorted it was
The British Mandate principles by which sovereignty was transferred
Exclusive to the Jewish people by the Supreme Council of the Entente States
The main ones in San Remo - and not to any collective Arab group.
The report also refers to the distribution of Arabs and Jews in the partition areas
Offered. While there were only 7,700,000 Arabs in the area designated for Jews
00701 Jews in the Arab Zone. This imbalance is considered "the obstacle of the donkey
The best way to implement the successful and successful part of the division, "and it was suggested that sooner or later
Later, a "population exchange" will also take place. To support this proposed program,
Peel's report referred to a positive exchange of population
The Turkish-Greek War in 0277 - when 0.2 million people were transferred
From side to side - and praised "the courage of the Greek and Turkish statesmen
Relevant] [courage] that is justified by the outcome. "
At the 13th Zionist Congress, which convened in August 0292 in Zurich,
The Zionists are well aware of the grave situation of European Jewry in Germany
The Nazis. Congress rejected the principle of partition) as contrary to obligations
(According to the Mandate), but in view of their difficult plight and the need to accept
Painful decisions, members of Congress crowded under the banner of Ben-Gurion
Hoping to establish in Palestine the necessary shelter for the Jews of Europe
Threatened. In the end, Congress decided "that the plan should not be accepted
The partition proposed by the Peel Commission], but expressed his desire to continue the negotiations
And to clarify the exact nature of the British government's proposal
To establish a Jewish state in Palestine. "
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The Arabs rejected the commission's recommendations and demanded that the aliyah and construction be stopped
The Jewish National Home in Eretz Israel.
The later Woodhead Commission objected to partition and continued
To support the idea of a Jewish-Arab agreement. The British severely oppressed the "revolt
Arab "and dismantled the Arab Higher Committee before convening the St.
. The Meaningless James 21 February
Before that conference, the Zionists and the Arabs raised their arguments. The Zionists
Demanded increased immigration to help Jews threatened by the Nazi onslaught
Which was already on the horizon. The Arabs insisted on opposing Jewish immigration
And the principles set out in the Balfour Declaration. The British government gave up the idea
Partition in order to satisfy the Arabs, and put an idea in its place
The Palestinian state, in order to convince the Arabs to be their allies
In the expected clash with Germany.
This radical change in British policy put an end to the idea
The Mandate by breaking the British commitment to the founding of a national home
A Jew in the Land of Israel, which could only be realized through
A real and undefeated increase, as determined in the Mandate. The White Paper
. McDonald's confirmed this disastrous policy in May 0292
80. The Secretary-
Citizens of Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel
On the eve of the outbreak of World War II, Britain published the White Paper
Of McDonald's, 26 and for the foreseeable future destroyed the hopes of the Zionists
To establish a Jewish state in Palestine.
The MacDonald White Paper predicted the establishment of the "State of Palestine
United "under Arab control) in terms that are common today:" a state solution
One "within a period of ten years, a state that would encompass the whole area from the sea
From the Mediterranean to the Jordan River.
This Statement of Policy has been in violation of all of the UK's obligations
Mandate:
By abandoning the primary purpose of the mandate: the reestablishment of the
The Jewish national home, ie, a future independent Jewish state
Land of Israel.
By placing severe restrictions on Jewish immigration, while violating
. Article 6
By taking unilateral steps without the prior consent of the Council
League of Nations - . Violation of Article 72
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The concept of "economic absorptive capacity" penetrated until then every month to
To limit Jewish immigration to 200111 over the five years
And to prevent the transfer of land to Jewish ownership in various areas of the country
Land of Israel. The new "united state of Palestine" was supposed to be
To be controlled by both Arabs and Jews, depending on their share of the population
But the Jews were forbidden to constitute more than a third of the population
This includes.
No one deluded himself about the fate of the Jewish minority in light of the violence of the Jews
The Arabs during the previous twenty years and in light of the declaration of the Arab Committee
The Supreme, who, while displaying nationalist prowess, objected to the White Book
McDonald: "The decisive decision about the fate of a people depends on its own will,
And not in white or black books. Palestine will gain independence within the Union
Arab and will remain Arab forever. "
It is no wonder that the Zionists were astounded by the British emulation of their faith at the time
Such a critical thing for the Jews of Europe. Similar condemnation was voiced by a prime minister
Britain's former Lloyd George, who described the White Paper as "an act of a hawk
National unity that will only bring dishonor to the British name. "President Roosevelt said
His "regret" over [the decisions of the British government regarding its policy in Palestine,
Israel, "but the US government refrained from a more active response, which it could
Certainly in accordance with the provisions of the Anglo-American Convention. Harry Truman,
Then an American senator, also thought that the MacDonald White Paper
Constitutes a "denial of British obligations".
Winston Churchill, in a vehement speech in the British House of Representatives
On May 79, 0292, he sharply criticized McDonald's White Paper. he
Condemned his articles as "a clear violation and denial of the Balfour Declaration" and called it
The White Paper with the words "another Munich" and "lethal blow" to the Zionists. However, there is
It can be argued that the seeds of the MacDonald White Paper were planted by Churchill himself
When he published his White Paper in 0177. It should also be noted that Churchill
Refrained from canceling McDonald's White Paper when he had the authority
To do so as prime minister during World War II.
Moreover, the Permanent Mandates Commission, whose function it was to supervise
The acts of the mandatory power, determined that the MacDonald White Paper was not
Conforms to the spirit and directives of the Mandate for the Land of Israel, and thus determined
That the White Paper is illegal unless the Council of the League of Nations changes
This determination. But the council never decided on the matter: it was supposed to
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To decide on it on 2 September 0292, but its meeting never took place, because
That World War II broke out on September 0.
The British strategic goal - to please
The Arabs and the Muslim world - turned out to be a false hope
After the outbreak of World War II. McDonald 's White Paper, on
. All his anti-Zionist restrictions remained in effect until May 1818
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The graph above indicates the erratic fluctuations in Jewish immigration
To Palestine during the first twenty years of British rule
. After the Peace Conference in San Remo in 2211
The influx of Jews to Israel has been around for a year
The work of the Highcraft Commission and the Churchill White Paper (1921-1922)
Thus there was a sharp increase after anti-Jewish measures were taken in Poland
And Germany in the mid-11s, followed by severe diving due
The global economic collapse and a severe drought in Palestine.
With the rise of the Nazi party in Germany, a significant number of Jews
From Central Europe they immigrated to Palestine, until the Peel Commission recommended limitations
News that set a "political ceiling" of 21,0111 Jewish immigrants per year,
And the British government adopted these restrictions in violation of the mandate.
The tiny increase seen in 2232 is apparently due to the rising of the immigrants
To Palestine (illegally, according to the British rules) as a refuge
Last because of the growing anti-Semitism in Europe.
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The MacDonald White Paper made Jewish immigration impossible
Almost, and the number of immigrants was reduced to dripping during the war years
(1940 - 1945)
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In 212 Britain put the question of Palestine before the General Assembly
Following the clarification of the situation in Israel conducted by the UN committee
(UNSCOP), which noted that "in the eyes of the Arabs of Palestine
The killing of Jews now exceeds any other consideration, "the General Assembly recommended
Of the partition of Palestine into two separate states
One Jewish and one Arab, and the Jerusalem area of special status. all
The Arab states voted against the resolution; Britain was one of the abstainers.
The boundaries of partition were based on demographic considerations, but could not be defended
They have military protection. The proposed Jewish state was nevertheless a minority
Arab population is very strong (about 17 percent), and the share of Arabs in the population has increased
16% on the eve of the outbreak of the War of Independence in 0212 when the Jewish forces
Jaffa took over. On the other hand, Jews constituted only 0.7% of the population
The proposed Arab state, since most of the Jews in those areas were slaughtered either
And the British, on their part, limited Jewish settlement in those areas
During the two decades preceding the decision. The hundred thousand Jews who lived
In the Jerusalem area), which according to the proposal was supposed to be separate and controlled
Internationally) found themselves isolated.
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Despite this distorted arrangement, the Zionists received the 080 resolution, present
The pressures of the post-Holocaust period, when about a quarter of a million Jews remained
In DP camps in Europe, with nowhere to go. It was clear that giving
The possibility of their arrival in Israel was conditional on the Arabs agreeing to the decision,
As declared by Rabbi Abba Hillel Silver, the American representative of the Jewish Agency
The United Nations Commission on the Question of the Land of Israel
October 0212. But the Arabs rejected the decision unanimously, as they rejected it
Previous proposals for division, only because the proposal included the establishment of a state
Jewish conflict in what they called the "Arab Middle East." Arab population
The local council, which will be represented by the Arab Higher Committee, also rejected the proposal
The decision, claiming that the Arabs are "the owners of a Palestinian right."
UN General Assembly resolutions are not binding resolutions;
In mutual acceptance by the parties, which did not happen in the case of a decision
020. Aware of Arab violence against Jews in the past, the decision
Included provisions to promote any possible military aggression that would be used to "resist
Force to the proposed arrangement. "These provisions even foreseen the decisions of the Council
Security, which operates within the framework of Chapter Seven of the Basic Charter
UN - 000 resolutions that may be binding in case of "threats
Difficult for peace. "However, following the Arab attacks on the state
New Israel May 0212, "Threats to Peace" were officially recognized, but not
There was no real action on the part of the UN, except for severe condemnation and calls
For a cease-fire.
Although Resolution 020 recognized the right of the Jews to a state in part of the Land of Israel,
Israel, the legitimacy of the State of Israel is not legally established
The national rights of the Jewish people to the Land of Israel
Derive from their "historical connection" with the land, as recognized in the trial
International law by the San Remo Resolution and the Mandate for Palestine. Its instructions
Of Resolution 020, in effect, violated the UN Basic Charter (000) in particular,
(Article 20), in that it severely violated the legal rights of the Jewish people,
Especially in Judea, Samaria, Gaza and, above all, Jerusalem.
Moreover, Resolution 020 violated the mandate of Palestine
Which was still in full force, especially Article 7 - which he saw in Palestine
The Jewish National Home - and Article 1, which forbade dividing the country, exactly what
Which Resolution 020 sought to do - without any legal authority. it will be noted that
The Mandate constituted the international law in force for the Land of Israel at that time
. Making a decision
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Anyway, after the Arab rejection unanimously and the opening of the Arabs aggressively
Military action against the new State of Israel, Resolution 080 became a dead letter
Without any connection to the current situation. The peak of irony is that the Arabs are trying
Now to revive Resolution 020 in the framework of their striving for a "Palestinian state."
At the end of the War of Independence, when the armistice agreements were signed
In Rhodes in the first half of the year 0212, there was State territory
Israel is slightly more than 70,000 square kilometers, or about 22 percent of the Land of Israel
West, much less in relation to the Jewish national home as
. Whose boundaries were set forth in the French-British Treaty of 16702
Summary
לשון Language and legend
מחשבות Some thoughts on peace
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The power of words
In order to disseminate the legends invented by the Arabs of Palestine and their supporters,
A coordinated effort was made to distort reality by using cunning
In language. In the proven tradition of Goebbels' "Great Lie", Pobreko
The most ridiculous inventions, which in time turned out to be the Siabo
The thought is most effective.
Some examples of the most common lies are shown above. all of them
Targeted:
To deny the legality of the Jewish presence in Palestine;
To create a new "Palestinian people," which has never been heard of, and whose existence is
Has been repeatedly denied by prominent Arab leaders since the 1980s
Fifties of the twentieth century;
To erase any connection between the Jewish people and the land of its forefathers;
To defame the State of Israel by means of slander and slander;
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• The establishment of dubious Islamic claims originating in recent years;
• To justify Arab violence and terrorism as a struggle for liberation
Colonial imperialism.
This last point is especially important. Is the main subject emerging in the news
In the conversation of the Arabs of the Land of Israel: "Arab land was stolen by me
The Jews who came as foreigners from Europe, in coordination with Western imperialism,
To establish colonies in the area. "Therefore, most of the representatives of the Arabs in the Land of Israel relate
Always to the "occupation" to justify any act of violence carried out against Israel. This term
Which has been found everywhere has been deeply entrenched, and was accepted willingly by means
And often add the title to it
"Illegal": The illegal occupation.
Have never exercised the legal rights acquired by the Jewish people
Palestine, for a variety of reasons. The Arabs acted to fill this void
By spreading the false concept of "illegally occupied territories"
And have been disastrously successful.
"The illegal occupation of the Palestinian territories" is the cornerstone of the "
Propaganda of the Arabs of the Land of Israel. The "big lie" of their conversation is expressed
In a statement by Yasser Arafat to the French weekly L'Express in April
0222, when he justified the terrorist attacks against Israel: "We are a people opposed
To the occupation just as the French did in the Nazi era. What you did
You, too, we do. "(Emphasis added).
These deliberate distortions and lies provide fuel for much hostility and violence
Beyond the borders of the region. They must be stopped head to head with facts
Which relate to Israel's legal rights - in order to restore sanity to the discussion
The political. But to do so, one must listen to Jean's call
Jaures, 007 A French socialist leader of the early twentieth century: "Courage
what is? To strive for truth and hearing; Refuse to submit to the law of falsehood
And the conductor; And not to repeat our thoughts and deeds in our thoughts
Of the foolish cheering and the incited mobs. "
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What we have seen since the beginning of the Oslo process in 0229 is nothing more than persecution
"Shalom" at any price. Peace was set as a single goal, and any other consideration was rejected
Sideways when not fit to achieve that goal. Under these conditions, peace will not be
Never more than a temporary cessation of hostilities, based on compromises
Territoriality devoid of logic and without any consideration for reality
Geographically, historically, strategically, and especially legally. 009
Such a "peace" is inherently fragile, just as social peace prevailed
In the countries of racial discrimination in the south of the United States, he could not survive.
The missing element is justice, which should be regarded as a necessary precondition for peace
Real. The centrality of justice is a solid foundation of Western thought.
Deuteronomy 16:20 strongly implores us to pursue justice.101 Thomas Aquinas,
One of the great Christian theologians, stressed that "peace is its outcome
Bypassing the work of justice, since justice removes obstacles from a path
Peace. "100 However, in all the agreements signed during the so-called" process
Peace of Oslo "006 The word" justice "does not appear almost at all, not in the article
And not in spirit.
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Factual truths are the foundation of justice. This is clearly evident in every court
In which the judgment rests on solid evidence that determines the final arrangement.
The same approach should also be adopted in territorial disputes that seem to be lacking
Such as the Arab-Israeli conflict, where the facts that are not
Can be rebutted in place of the dubious half-truths and lies
The absolute ones that have gained their status through the non-Arab propaganda campaign
Know Manoah. In short, instead of chasing "peace" as a goal, diplomacy needs to be done
To focus on facts relating to the region) and, in particular, legal rights
Acquired by the Jewish people), in order to reach a just settlement of the conflict -
From which one can expect the emergence of a genuine and lasting peace.
Unfortunately, our eyes have seen in recent years what seems to be a global effort
To erase Israel's legal rights. The power of communication and
A few academic experts with biased approaches ensure deletion
Will be forgotten, while an alternative reality is being built
On a newly-created "Palestinian narrative," which is now in favor
The incessant repetition of its components.
The media should be urged to shed light on Israel's legal rights
And to inform the public about the fundamental events that shaped the Middle East at the end
World War I.
We urge statesmen and diplomats to emphasize the central interest of
"Ownership of the land" as a starting point in any negotiations between Arabs
For Israelis.
We are certain that all the other issues relating to the status
The non-Jewish populations living west of the Jordan River will be available then
To settle peacefully for the benefit of all parties to the matter.
Then, and only then, can we wish for the arrival of a lasting peace.
After nearly twenty years, the failure of the "process" is evident
Peace. "This process only exacerbated the points
The emotional controversy; It distorted reality; He is the animal
Old hatreds; And brought us to the current impasse. This is the time
To come up with a new approach and to return the basic facts that have never existed
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Have not been convincingly claimed by Israeli governments,
Negligently deleted by others, have been distorted by many,
And long forgotten. However, to achieve this goal, the recipients
The decisions reveal courage and act accordingly.
According to Hillel the Elder: "If not now, when?" 002
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Remarks
1
Palestinian propaganda aimed at creating de-legitimization, demonization and ultimately
The destruction of the State of Israel takes many forms and is beyond the scope of an enterprise
It. The basic goal of this propaganda is to present Israel as a foreign body that holds in the way
Illegal "in" Arab Palestine. " On the subject of the "occupation" we will discuss another performance by "Ezrachi
Canada for the Legal Rights of Israel. "Unfortunately, the Palestinian Authority
In its official statements even with the most despicable attacks against Israel
For many years now, these statements have been voiced.
Requesting additional certified translations of printed material and video in Arabic, Persian,
Urdu, and Turkish, will review the reliable reports submitted by the Middle East Media Research Institute ( www.memri.org ).
1, the British prime minister, Clement Attlee, also initiated a secret sabotage operation in 2291
Operation Operation Embarrass, which was often aimed at disrupting
By violent means - to the movement of every ship carrying Jewish refugees to Palestine
Which was recently revealed by Keith Jeffery in his book MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service, 1901-1949 The Honorable British Historian Andrew
Roberts wrote a summary of these events: http://www.thedailybeast.com/
3 3 This date corresponds to the address that appears in the Merneptah Stele
The earliest biblical reference to Israel as a nation, Pharaoh Merneptah is the son of
However, most biblical scholars estimate that the Exodus from Egypt occurred in the 29th century
BC, and these days a great deal of work is devoted to this event, when the level of reliability changes
From work to work. Some examples:
The Exodus Decoded by Simcha Yakobovitch
( http://exodusdecoded.com/
The Exodus Conspiracy by Tim Mahoney
(/ Http: //www.exodusconspiracy.
Ancient Israel in Sinai by James K. Hoffmeir, Trinity International University:
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9 The Philistines are described as one of the "sea bodies" that settled along the southern shore of
The State of Israel today in the thirteenth century BCE, originating from the Mediterranean basin
(Apparently from the island of Crete), and their name is the source of the name Palestine - Palestine -
Which was given to the land by Emperor Hadrian after Rome's victory over Bar Kochba in 238
The Palestinian Arabs of today have adopted this name for themselves without regard to the question of the connection
Historical. In an article published in the Jerusalem Post on 18 November 2228, Sarah quoted
Honig Golda Meir: "The British decided to call the country that received the Mandate
'Palestine', and the Arabs adopted it as the so-called ancient name of their people, even though they could not
Even to express it correctly, and turned it into a "fictitious entity." See archaeological discovery
New As reported in the Ha'aretz newspaper in English:
8 The last archaeological finds related to King David:
1 The last archaeological finds related to King Solomon.
To sum up King Solomon's reign, see:
2 for an illustrated reconstruction of various aspects of the Temple and other related places
The ancient history of the Jewish people, the Temple Institute
You can find here: http://crystalinks.com/
1 Details related to the two kingdoms, Israel and Judah, including the Assyrian invasion
And the intermediate years in which the Kingdom of Judah survived until the Babylonian exile are presented in the Jewish Virtual Library:
2 for explanations related to Biblical, Talmudic, and other sources that speak of
Nebuchadnezzar and the Destruction of Judea, see Encyclopedia Judaica and the Bible Encyclopedia
As follows:
Other Documents of Interest: Commentary on the Babylonian Exile of Rabbi Ken Spiro:
The conditions before the exile of Judah, the exile itself and the return to Zion:
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10 The historical story since the conquest of Babylon by Persians under the leadership of Cyrus II
To the destruction of the Second Temple in 21 CE, including references to the Bible and other sources,
By Lambert Dolphin:
22 to Alexander the Great's jump and conquests from Asia Minor to India:
To Alexander's views on the Jews and his visit to the Temple in Jerusalem:
21 House of Slavus and Ptolemaic House, dynasties that followed Alexander's death:
23 For relations between Greeks and Jews, see:
29 For the sources of the Hasmonean revolt, see:
Towards Rabbinic Judaism: For a dispute between the Sadducees and the Pharisees, see the Center for Online Judaic Studies: http://cojs.org
As well as in the Jewish Virtual Library, especially in an article by Mitchell B. Bard:
28 A dispute between two sons of the Hasmonean dynasty brought about the Roman conquest of the land of Judah,
By Pompeii in 13 BC. Http://www.suite101.com/
The Roman conquest lasted for 18 years, until a new Jewish kingdom was established under Herod
Great in 32 BC.
21 See the full text of the Wars of the Jews by Josephus Flavius
As well as a brief biography of Josephus:
22 After more than 20,311 years of Jewish history in Israel, it is possible to see the name given
New to the land by Emperor Hadrian is an act of so-called. However, after 20111 years,
The "Hadrian's curse" struck Israel in the most unexpected way: the Arab claims that they are
"The Palestinian people."
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21 The importance of Jerusalem to the Jewish people is beyond dispute: it includes aspects
Religious, historical, spiritual and political, all of which are discussed in a large number of books
And articles:
The Fight for Jerusalem, by Dore Gold,
Regnery Publishers Inc.
Raphael Israeli discusses the legal rights in Jerusalem and its ramifications
The Oslo Peace Process. http: /// www.jcpa.org/jl/vp469.
Dr. Jacques Gauthier, a Canadian lawyer based in Toronto
And an expert in international law, devoted many years to the study of legal rights
And the history of the Jewish people to Jerusalem, and wrote a comprehensive thesis on this subject.
His work is not accessible online. His thesis was reviewed by Hillel Pendel (Israel National News)
Also watch the 98-minute interview with Dr. Gheitia on the sovereignty of the Jewish people
Jerusalem at CTSTV and an hour-long presentation at the International Christian Embassy
. In Jerusalem in September 1121
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
A brief introduction to the history of Jerusalem since the Muslim conquest and religious significance
Comparative Analysis of Jerusalem in Judaism and Islam Submitted by Daniel Pipes in The Muslim Claim to Jerusalem:
To sum up the rewriting history that was made by the Arabs of the Land of Israel to create
Fictional Muslim demands for Jerusalem, requirements that fuel, in part, the
The conflict in the region, see The Battle Over Jerusalem and the Temple Mount
By Ricky Hollander:
22 See report in Haaretz (May 1112) concerning Taysir al-Tamimi:
See also a later statement by Taysir al-Tamimi in August 1112,
: Channel 2
11 For the Dreyfus Affair, see: Trial of the Century, by Adam
Gofnik:
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12 The original complete text of "I Accuse!" ) J'accuse! (Published in the French daily
L'Aurore daily: January 23, 2121
An English translation of the book is available alongside the French source:
11 Note: Emil Zola was not the only protector of Dreyfus. French intellectuals
Many liberals (Anatole France, Henri Poincare, and others) joined the diaspora and condemned it
The government, the military, and the judiciary for their blatant injustice. Jean Jaures,
A well-known French socialist, was among the most influential when he wrote Les preuves: Alfred Dreyfus in 2211. It is interesting how political courage to defend the truth has characterized
At that time the left in Europe.
13 For a comprehensive biography of Theodor Herzl, including a short video clip, see
The report of the Israeli Foreign Ministry:
19 For the opposite view, see "Jews Against Zionism," whose idea
The main thing is that Zionism encourages anti-Semitism and contradicts traditional Jewish principles
Which were expressed by King Solomon, the prophet Jeremiah and the Sages, and the reader is free to appreciate
The relevance of the various quotations - or their irrelevance.
See also the eulogy of Israel Zangwill on Herzl's grave on the day of his funeral. His comments
The endings of gingerbread are especially relevant today:
18 The full English translation of Theodor Herzl's book, The State, can be read
The Jewish State, which was translated from German by Sylvia D'Avigdor and Schulb
By Midwest Web with an introduction by Ami Issaroff.
11 See: The First Zionist Congress and the Basel Program:
: See also summary of the discussions of the first twelve Zionist congresses, from 2122 to 2212
12. See: History of the Ottoman Empire from the Fall of Constantinople in 2983
11 See the role of Lawrence Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) in the Arab revolt against the Turks and
His subsequent political duties:
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12 See the military report on the fall of Jerusalem from 2 to 2 December 2222
31 See the full text of the Balfour Declaration, with a comprehensive introduction by Ami Issaroff:
32 Meeting at the Biltmore Hotel in New York City on May 1-22, 2291 with the participation of leaders
Chaim Weizmann, David Ben-Gurion, Nahum Goldmann and others. See the posted statement
On May 22, with an introduction by Ami Issaroff.
31 See the full text of President Wilson's "Fourteen Points" speech:
33 See full text and map related to the Sykes-Picot agreement:
39 Jan Christian Smuts submitted a memo in 2222 a memorandum called "League of Nations: Proposal
Practical "(The League of Nations: A Practical Suggestion)
The Mandates, a new idea at the time. President Woodrow Wilson adopted his ideas
Smuts and after a few days of heated debate at the peace conference
. In Paris, the Smuts Resolution was adopted by the Allies on 31 January 2222
The decision was later used to formulate Article 11 of the League of Nations' Basic Covenant.
For the full text of the Smuts Resolution, see David Hunter Miller, The Drafting of the Covenant. , Pp. 212-221
38 Among the other problematic issues that were discussed prior to the establishment of the League of Nations, the heated discussion should be noted
On the question of "sovereign equality." See pages 23-11 in the Book of Democratic and Normative States
Sovereign Equality by Kurt Taylor Gauvec, Stanford University:
31 The Paris Peace Conference: Participants, agenda,
The resulting alliances and the policies of the major powers.
See also Margaret MacMillan, Paris 1919: Six Months That changed the world (Random House). For a review of the Middle East issues during the session
The Paris Peace Conference, see Howard M. Sachar, The Emergence of the Middle East: 1914-1924 (Knopf, 1969).
32 Text of the Weizmann-Feisal agreement, dated January 3, 2222, includes
Feisal's reservations at the bottom of the agreement.
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There were exchanges of letters between Sheriff Hussein of Mecca and Sir Henry McMahon, the Collector
Supreme British in Egypt. There is nothing in these letters that reveals a British commitment
Unequivocally to include the Land of Israel in an area to be handed over to Arab rule. See the exchange
All letters, with an introduction by MidEastWeb:
32 The complete text of the Sever Convention contains 933 clauses:
Particularly to the question of Palestine is Article 46, which specifically specifies the provisions
The uniqueness of the Mandate for Palestine as a national home for the Jewish people. This section
Is entirely different from its predecessor, Article 49, which concerns mandates for Syria and Mesopotamia.
The League of Nations, from a Canadian perspective.
92. The full text of the League of Nations' basic covenant. See Section 55 in particular
91 See note 39 regarding the Smates decision.
93 Attorney Howard Griff is the author of Legal Foundation and Borders of Israel under International Law.
99 Dr. Jacques Gautier is the author of Sovereignty OVER THE OLD CITY OF JERUSALEM: A study of the historical, religious, political and legal aspects of the question of the Old City.
98 See the Declaration of the World Zionist Organization, submitted at the Paris Peace Conference on 3 February
: 2222
A month later (March 9, 2222), a group of American Jews filed a statement
Of its own, which expressed opposition to the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine:
It should be noted that the ideas expressed in that statement are still heard by anti-
Many Zionists.
91 See the recommendations of the King-Crane Commission, August 11, 2222
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92 See the full text of the Lodge-Fish decision of June 31, 2211
91 Records of the Eretz Israel meeting of the Allied Supreme Council, held on June 18
Directly:
92 QUESTIA offers an exhaustive list of books, reviews, and articles related to the conference
San Remo and other subjects of the same period:
81 For the full text of the San Remo Resolution, see: http://www.cfr.org/israel/san-remo-
82 There are a number of misunderstandings about the legitimacy of the State of Israel. Some derive from the difference
Between "state" and "nation." While the "Nation of Israel" was reaffirmed at the San Remo Conference
In 2211, an act that represents the most important development in Jewish history
In modern terms, the declaration of the State of Israel in 2291 was the natural result of the Mandate, without
Any connection to the wording of the UN Partition Resolution, Resolution No. 212
Of November 2292, a decision that no one had to oblige. A detailed explanation of these matters was presented by
: By Howard Griff in June 1121
81 For the full text of the Sever Convention, see note 32, which emphasizes sections 29 and 28 of the Charter
This Convention.
83 See comprehensive information on the situation of Mesopotamia - today's Iraq - from 2229 to 2231
Including the British Mandate, which was adopted in San Remo and which has been in force since 2211
See also the French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon: http://countrystudies.us/
89 The term dhimmitude (dhimmitude) was coined by Bat Ye'or,
Who wrote extensively on this aspect of Islamic law:
See also a more focused article by Bat Ye'or on the Israeli-Arab conflict (1979)
88 See, in particular, Article 18 of the League of Nations' Basic Covenant, which is included in Part 1 of
The Treaty of Versailles:
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81 See the full text of the French-British Treaty as published
See also the International Boundary Study published by the State Department
: American in 2212
82 A detailed study of the history of the Israeli-Lebanese border and its implications today, compiled by David
Eshel, a security analyst and former officer in the Israel Defense Forces.
81. See the chapters on "Creating the Transjordan" and the Churchill White Paper of 2211
82 "because the main consent powers agree, in order to give effect to the provisions of section 11
Of the League of Nations of the League of Nations, to entrust to a mandatory power elected by the League of Nations,
By the same powers, the administration of the territory of Palestine, which had previously belonged to the Empire
Turkish border, within the borders as determined by them "(emphasis added).
11 A unilateral declaration of independence published by the Syrian General Congress: the news
Reached the European and American press in March 2211, but a full report on the declaration
: Published by the New York Times in May 2211
12 There was an extensive exchange of letters between 1915 and 1916 between Sharif Hussein of Mecca and Sir Henry McMahon,
The British High Commissioner in Egypt, who represented the British government. See Note for a link
31
11. See note 11
13 See also the International Boundary Study published by the State Department
: American in 2212
19 Already in 2212, Britain intended to limit Jewish immigration to Palestine. the reasons
The main sources cited were the Arab disagreement on the existence of a predominantly Jewish territory,
And the false claim that the country could not in any way absorb a serious influx of immigrants. The New York
The Times reported Churchill's speech at the lower house on 28 June 2212 (see section
The last of the article (:
18 To summarize the appearance of Transjordan and the changes that occurred in it until 2281, see the report
Sanderson Beck, which also contains interesting details about the history of Syria and Lebanon from the period
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The Ottoman period until 2211. For the part dealing with Transjordan, see the last part of
11 For the full text of the Mandate, see:
An interesting report on the sources of the Mandate and the full historical and political perspective
Is found in Douglas Faith in his article "A Mandate for Israel" written in 2223, at
The signing of the Oslo Accords:
12 It is interesting to read the official narrative of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, as it is presented
In the Jordanian National Constitution:
In the historical introduction to the document, we find that "the Jordanians saw the Zionist movement as
The greater threat to themselves and to the Arab nation as a whole. "
Documenting the first of a series of Arab attacks on Jewish communities
(April 2211), describing the Balfour Declaration as contradictory to "religious laws
And the citizens familiar to the world, "and blame it on" the deteriorating conditions
Quickly in Eretz Israel. "However, in fact, all the commissions of inquiry established by the British from 2211 to 2231 accuse the Arabs
Incitement to violence.
In the seventh chapter, the Jordanian-Palestinian connection, we read about "the Zionist racist threat
And the imperialist that endangers the existence, culture, and sacred heritage of the nation
Arab ... "and the rejection of the option of" Jordan is Palestine ", despite the common identity
The Jordanians and the Palestinians: "Jordan and Palestine are one Arab coin minted by their struggle
The common denominator is to oppose the Zionist plan to expand and to decide decisively the connection
The alternative homeland. "
. Israel signed a peace treaty with Jordan in 2229
11 This is especially the case in French, where "settlements" are regularly called "colonies"
"Colonies".
12 See the full text of the Fourth Geneva Convention, particularly Article 92
21 See The Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice, 2B
: For July
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22 Regarding the settlements and their legality, contrary to the prevailing view, see: Assessment of Experts by Two
- First International Jurists: Eugene W. Rostov and Julius Stone:
http://www.tzemachdovid.org/
- Moshe Dan (May), May 1112 Legality of the Settlements
-: Ricky Hollander, October 1112 Settlements and the reports in the media
Yosef Parra, "The Question of the Settlements", 0220
- Geoffrey Helmreich, "The Diplomatic and Legal Aspects of the Settlement Issue," January
- David Meir-Levy, "Occupation and Settlements: The Legend and Reality", June 2005
- Gerald Adler, "Preservation of legal inheritance: settlement rights in the territories
Occupied Palestinian Territories ", September 2009: http://www.journalonline.co.uk
David M. Phillips, "The Legend of the Illegal Settlements", December 2009
- Alan Baker, "The Question of Settlements: Deformation of the Geneva Convention and the Oslo Accords", January 2011
- David Mets, "The Settlements: Their Decomposition or Contradiction", June 2011
- The position of the Israeli Foreign Ministry: http://www.aish.com/jw/me/
21 See the full text of the UN Charter:
23 Resolution 181 of the UN General Assembly recommended the partition of Palestine
And received on 12 November 2292. Note that the area today mistakenly called "Haggadah
West "is called" Judea and Samaria "in the body of the decision.
This UN resolution is discussed further below.
29 See the full text of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Art, published in 2212 and entered
In effect in 2211 (in particular, section b: 2102)
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28 See the Advisory Opinion on "The Legal Consequences of States from the Continued Presence of
South Africa in Namibia "(The Legal Consequences for States of the Continuation of Presence of South Africa in Namibia), published by the Court
: International Justice on 12 June 2222
21 See the full text of the Anglo-American Treaty:
22 See Section 5 of the US Constitution, which deals with "duties, supremacy, weeks":
21 See the full text of the MacDonald White Paper, with an introduction by MidEastWeb:
22 See note 22 for various opinions on the legality of the "settlements".
11 The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Husseini, his life, his beliefs, his activity
His incitement and his connections with Nazi Germany:
12 See summary report in connection with the Hickraft Commission of Inquiry:
11 See the full text of Churchill's White Paper with an introduction by Ami Issaroff.
13. See note 32
19 Expansion to the East of Transjordan apparently took place at that time
The borders of the Kaff region in the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula, in the course of negotiations between
The British to Ibn Saud, who was then Sultan Najd (see page 1 of the International Boundary Study written by the US State Department:
See also the comments on Transjordan in our chapter: The Mandate for Palestine:
First division.
18 From Sir Martin Gilbert's lecture "Toward Jewish Statehood" at a ceremony of the Zionist Federation in honor of the 90th anniversary of the Declaration
. Balfour, held at the Foreign Office in London, on October 32, 1112
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11 See the main conclusions of the Shaw Commission of Inquiry:
12 See the full text of the Hop-Simpson Report on Immigration, Settlement and Development:
11 A statement made by the Sinai governor in part in the report of the Committee on Palestine,
: By Victor Sharp in November 1112 http://www.think-israel.org/
12 Dr. Harry Mandelbaum examines the long history of the Arabs in Palestine
And in its vicinity, including the sharp increase in their number in Jerusalem since the 1920s
Twenty:
21 See the full text of Passfield's White Paper:
22 See a summary of the sources of the Arab revolt from 2231 until its final suppression by the forces
The British in 2232
For a more detailed analysis of the sources of the revolt, the events that followed and its consequences, and in general
For an exhaustive bibliography, see the report of the Zionism-Israel Information Center:
21 See the full text of the Peel Commission report:
23 At the 20th Zionist Congress, David Ben-Gurion gave a clear expression of the unalienable right,
The abolition of the Jewish people in the Land of Israel:
"No Jew is entitled to give up the right of the Jewish people and the Land of Israel to exist.
No Jewish body is chiefly responsible for this. There is no Jew living today who has the authority to give up
Even on earth. This right has been preserved by the Jewish people throughout the generations and can not be relinquished
Under no conditions. Even in a period of time a person will declare that they are waiving the right
They have neither the power nor the authority to deny it future generations.
The Jewish people is not obligated and is not responsible for any such concession. Our right to this land,
In its entirety, stable, irrevocable and eternal. And until the coming of the complete redemption, no
We will give up this historic right. "
However, because of the urgency of Jewish immigration to Palestine during the Nazi period, they agreed
Ben-Gurion was in principle Weizmann's proposal, hoping that the British would improve
Their proposal for distribution. Their approach, which was eventually adopted by the Zionist Congress, was met
In the vehement opposition of Rabbi Steven Wise (a pioneer of Zionism), Menahem
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Ussishkin (from the Revisionist movement, which temporarily retired from the Zionist Organization) and Yitzhak
Tabenkin (an avid supporter of the Yishuv).
See the summary of the discussions in the Zionist Congresses from 2213 to 2291
29 See the full text of the Woodhead Commission report:
28 See a brief summary of the deliberations and outcome of the St. James in 2232
21 See the full text of the MacDonald White Paper:
22 hinted at the Munich Agreement of September 2231, when the governments of Britain and France) headed
Neville Chamberlain and Eduard Deladier) agreed to Hitler's demands regarding the Sudetenland, and thus
Betrayed the Czechs and turned "Munich" into a basket of political reconciliation with no purpose.
21 UN General Assembly Resolution 181 called for the partition of Palestine
And received on 12 November 2292. Note that the area today is called unjustly
"West Bank" is read in the text of the decision "Judea and Samaria", as appropriate:
22. See note 82
211 See the full text of the UN Charter:
212 Following the Six-Day War of June 2212, the Government of Israel decided to lead it
Prime Minister Levi Eshkol, not to apply Israeli law to the territories
Of Judea and Samaria - as they had to do according to the constitutional law of Judea and Samaria
The state - but rather to freely apply the provisions of international law
Which relate to belligerent occupation (the Hague Regulations of 2212 and the Fourth Geneva Convention)
.) From 2292
http://agalon.law.yale.edu/
Sections 42-43).
http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/
This decision was made by Prime Minister Eshkol for two reasons: to prevent imbalances
And to keep the road open to peace negotiations with the Arabs. hall,
The Arabs rejected any peace negotiations or even recognition of the State of Israel at a conference
Khartoum in September 2212, thus dispelling hopes of settling the conflict
Peacefully in the foreseeable future: http://www.mideastweb.org/
(Decisions of Khartoum, with an introduction by Ami Issaroff).
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211: The words of Jean Jaures in a speech in 2213 Le Courage, c'est de chercher la vérité et de la dire; c'est de ne pas subir la loi du mensonge triomphant qui passe, et de ne pas faire écho, de notre âme, de notre bouche et de nos mains aux applaudissements imbéciles et aux huées fanatiques.
213 Henry Kissinger: "When the pursuit of peace becomes the exclusive goal of foreign policy, it is
You become a cock tool in the most cruel hands. It leads to the dismantling of moral weapons. "
See also: Salomon in Zamzara, Peace is the Wrong Objective. July 11, 1112)
219 "Righteousness, justice shall you pursue." The connection between truth, justice, and peace is deeply etched in thought
Israel: "For three things the world is standing: for truth, justice and peace"
(Mishnah, Avot 1:18).
218 Thomas Aquinas: Summa Theologica, Second Part, Part II, Question 29, Article 3, Reply to Objection 3:.
211 See a summary of the stages of the Oslo peace process, from 2222 to 1112
For later peace plans, see:
The Arab Peace Initiative (March, 2002) - with an introduction by Ami Issaroff.
The Performance-Based Roadmap to a Permanent Two-State Solution - (April, 2002)
The Geneva Accord (December 2003) - led by Yossi Beilin and Yasser Abed
And was praised by former US President Jimmy Carter:
The network of historical inventions and distortions expanded in November 1121 when
A senior official of the Palestinian Authority claimed that the Western Wall of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem
There was no connection to Judaism.
This last Palestinian absurdity aroused harsh condemnation from the Israeli government and from the department
The American state. A few weeks later, the Palestinian Authority removed it
The report from its website, despite the author's claim to this day that the report reflects the truth.
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These continual blows against Jewish history seem to be a propaganda constitution
Palestinian conflict: See the statement of Sheikh Taysir al-Tamimi, the chief qadi of the PA
: The Palestinian Authority, in the same matter in August 1112
"If I am not for myself, who is for me, and if I am for me, what am I? And if not now,
So when? " Http://www.aish.com/sp/pg/
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